2026년 5월 고3 모의고사 영어 전지문 변형문제

As the head coach of Banpool Football Club, I am writing in connection with an issue ____ occurred in yesterday's match between our team and Firestone Football Club.

____ the match, a player named Karl Bellinger participated, and it has come to our attention that Bellinger is also the captain of Ironfield Football Club, a team that has already been eliminated from this competition.

Firestone ____ Club has clearly violated competition rules by using a player registered with another club.

____ urge the committee to investigate this matter.

I am concerned that such actions may undermine ____ integrity of the competition.

I look forward to ____ response regarding this matter.

Paul was ____ in the train station. This was real.

____ long-awaited holiday had just begun.

The long, silver train was already there, and as he boarded, he felt alive with ____

He found his seat and it ____ perfect ─ a window seat with a great view.

A moment later, the train ____ to move.

Paul leaned back ____ his seat and smiled, looking forward to the journey ahead.

About twenty ____ later, a man in a uniform walked toward him checking tickets.

"Tickets, please," said the man. Paul reached ____ his pocket. His ticket wasn't there.

He searched his jacket, then his backpack. ____

"I'm sorry. I know I bought the ticket, but I can't find it now," said ____ pulling his shaking hands out of the backpack.

"I am sorry, sir. I'm afraid you'll have to get off at the next station," replied ____ man.

Paul's heart raced, and his ____ grew sweaty. He had no idea what to do.

Giving kids an edible treat that you know they love after a tricky day to cheer them up or soothe them can be ____ but I advise you not to.

When we ____ to comfort a child with food rather than attend to their physical and emotional needs, we leave them feeling not understood.

Instead of learning that they'll ____ appropriate comfort and attention, they receive the message that their needs can't or won't be met appropriately.

Consequently, they understand one of the following: that their needs are not valid; that they are too much for their parent; that they are ____ silly; that next time they should keep quiet; or that they need to shout louder to be heard.

If, after tending to your child's emotional and physical wounds you want to offer some chocolate, ice cream or a trip to a fast-food restaurant, that is, of course completely fine ─ but it ____ not replace the nurture.

A scientist named Speiser suspects that scallop vision works in a very different way than ____

Our brains combine the overlapping information from our two ____ into a single scene.

A scallop ____ do the same across a hundred eyes, but that seems unlikely given how primitive its brain is.

Instead, each eye might simply tell the brain whether it has detected something moving ____ not.

Think of the scallop's brain as a security guard watching a bank of a hundred monitors, each connected to a ____ camera.

The cameras may be state-of-the-art, but the images they capture ____ not sent to the guard.

All the guard sees on the monitors is a warning light for every camera that ____ spotted something.

If Speiser is right about this strange setup, it means that even though each individual scallop eye has good spatial resolution, ____ animal itself might not have spatial vision.

It knows when eyes in a certain region of its body have detected something, but it has no ____ image of that object.

It doesn't experience a movie in its head the same way we ____ It sees without scenes.

In some sense, cities generate themselves ____ they are complex, adaptive, self-organizing systems.

Of course, it is actually people who create cities, either individually or as organized into businesses, governments, ____ other institutions.

But, for the most part, they do so unintentionally ____ they go about their daily lives.

They move to satisfy immediate needs ─ drop the children off at school, get to ____ find a location for a new branch office, build a house to live in.

They do not intend ____ build a city; that just happens.

Even though, along ____ way, there are many acts of planning, these tend to be local, temporary, or incomplete.

So, ultimately, a city emerges as the collective result of many individual events, most of which are not intended to be city ____

But the acts of planning are intended to guide the development of the city, ____ these, to be successful, must rely on an understanding of the processes by which the city generates itself.

The gene-centric view separates the organism from its environment, and in large part, removes ____ from the organism.

The 'environment' becomes a box within which 'gene-motivated' organisms ____

Thus, it ____ partitions 'genetic' from 'environmental' causes, giving primacy to the former.

Therefore, altruism is denied because 'in reality' organisms behave to enhance their genes in the 'gene pool' ─ and love, hate, ____ and other motivations flow through and from genes.

With this there can be no creativity. The organism ____ a prisoner of its genes.

This ____ evidently nonsense because, if there is a prisoner, it must be the genes, locked in the organism and obeying its will.

It is the organism as a self-organising entity ____ has motivation and uses genes in its capacity to act.

The word 'organism' has its origins in defining organisms as self-organising beings, going ____ at least to Immanuel Kant's 1790 Critique of Judgement.

The ____ view strips the organism of its definitive self.

There are fundamental differences between our attention to animals and our attention to plants, and these are ____ embedded in our visual systems.

One study used a core tool from visual cognition ____ called "attentional blink."

"Blink" is ____ the focus that is given to one object slows down our ability to engage with a new object.

Our visual processing power is a finite ____ so the more attention the first object takes up, the slower we are to shift on to the second.

In this study, one group of people were first shown an animal and ____ group were first shown a plant.

A second object, ____ water droplet, followed in quick succession.

____ looking at an animal initially were much less likely to see the water than those first looking at a plant.

The plant simply took up less of their ____ freeing up capacity to notice other things.

Plants ____ not only thought of as less interesting, they are fundamentally given less processing power in our visual system, becoming a mass of crowded, unmoving background greenery.

Alan Seeger, an American poet, was born in New ____ City in 1888 and grew up in a wealthy home.

After his father's trading business went bankrupt, his family moved to Mexico City for two years. Its ____ influenced many of his works.

Seeger returned to the States and later graduated from Harvard University, ____ he was inspired by the Romantic poets.

Seeger left for Paris, France to live out his romanticized notion of ____ life and made friendships with many artists.

When World War I broke out in 1914, he ____ the French army as a volunteer to defend his beloved France.

During the war, he wrote a poem, I Have a Rendezvous with Death, about a soldier accepting his upcoming death and it made Seeger instantly famous when it was ____

Seeger died during the Battle of the Somme in 1916. Following his death, the French Military awarded him the Croix ____ Guerre, the highest French military honor.

A study by Eurofound found that young people who were working remotely reported ____ difficulties in managing their workload than older colleagues.

____ many young people began their careers working remotely during the pandemic, unlike those in older generations who had many years to establish interpersonal connections and embed themselves in the organizational culture in an in-person job.

A survey by Prospects found that almost half of students and ____ in the United Kingdom found it difficult to work from home during the pandemic due to a lack of suitable workspace or distractions.

While young people may struggle long-term with remote work, perhaps more of a hybrid model where ____ can work from home part of the time and work onsite other times, would work well for them.

But it may not be that they need a formal hybrid structure with specific days of the week ____ for working remotely but instead a fluid option that allows them, if possible, depending on the job role, to choose their day-to-day work location.

In humans, the infant immune system is less active than that of ____ enabling a wide range of bacteria to establish in our guts.

Similarly, young plants release fewer defensive compounds into the soil than older ones, allowing a broad variety of microbes to colonize their ____

Human breast ____ contains sugars.

At first, scientists struggled to ____ why mothers express these compounds, as babies can't digest them.

It now seems that ____ sole purpose is to feed the bacteria with which the child will grow.

They selectively cultivate a particular bacterial ____ with a crucial role in helping the gut to develop and fine-tuning the immune system.

Similarly, young plants release large quantities of sugars into the soil, to feed ____ develop their new microbiomes.

Like the human gut, the rhizosphere ____ only digests food, but also helps to protect plants from disease.

Just as the bacteria that live in our guts outcompete and attack invading pathogens, the microbes ____ the rhizosphere create a defensive ring around the root.

____ feed beneficial bacteria species, so that they eliminate pathogenic microbes.

Orb-weaving spiders ____ use distinct vibrational signals to defend their webs.

When a rival approaches, the resident spider will rapidly shake its web, sending out ____ series of intense vibrations.

These vibrations can be interpreted as a challenge, signaling the resident spider's ____ to fight.

The intensity and complexity of these signals often correlate with the size and strength of the ____ allowing the invader to assess the risk of engaging in a direct confrontation.

The beauty ____ vibrational signaling lies in its efficiency.

It avoids ____ physical clashes, allowing spiders to resolve territorial disputes with minimal risk of injury.

A smaller or weaker spider, upon receiving a strong vibrational warning, may choose to retreat and seek a less contested territory, rather than ____ a potentially fatal fight.

This makes vibrational communication a crucial tool for maintaining stability and reducing aggression within spider ____

According to British economist Lionel Robbins, whether goods and services are beneficial to human ____ or not, economics should study them if they satisfy the wants of some men.

It is also worth noting that in view of Robbins, economics does not deal with the question as to what ends should be ____ that is, what wants should be satisfied and what not, because in this regard man himself has to decide.

Economics itself does ____ make a choice.

Economist only tells in what ways the given ends ____ wants can be achieved with the minimum possible resources.

What ends or wants should be selected for satisfaction ____ not the concern of economists.

Whether the ends chosen by man are good or bad, noble or ignoble, ____ should study them, because the task of economist is not to praise or criticise but only to analyse and explain.

To decide about the desirability or otherwise of a thing ____ beyond the scope of economics.

Therefore, according to Robbins, economics is neutral between ____

In some parts of India ____ are temples to Sitala, who is a goddess of skin diseases.

Historically, people in these regions made offerings to Sitala in order to protect themselves ____ smallpox.

During the colonial period in India, the British introduced the smallpox vaccine, which ultimately led to the elimination of ____

This in turn led to a significant decline in the worship ____ Sitala as people no longer needed her assistance to avoid smallpox.

Was it right for the British to introduce the smallpox vaccine given ____ it undermined the cultural practice of making offerings to Sitala?

Or was this cultural imperialism? Should the British simply have lived and let live, or lived and let die as ____ case may be?

That ____ seem harsh, but there are some scholars who argue for that.

What is beyond dispute is that no matter how you answer that question, you ____ making a value judgment.

In this example, choosing to live and let live isn't value-neutral; it's a choice that ____ cultural autonomy over the lives of those who would otherwise be saved.

What are the relations between social determinations ____ subjective aesthetic experience?

If every author comes out with his/her own set of values and ____ history, how is this subjective vision of the world influenced by the society in which the author lives?

____ inner world of the writer necessarily meets the social world outside of him or her.

Pierre Bourdieu, in La distinction, tries to ____ this question from a materialistic point of view, saying that the analysis of this kind of relation between the inner and the social world must go back to the earliest stage of a child's life when s/he experiences pleasure and aversion.

But ____ are already part of a social group thanks to their family, and therefore the pleasure and the aversion they experience are class-specific, according to the volume of capital they can access, so that the 'purest' pleasures, Bourdieu affirms, are rooted in these socially conditioned experiences.

In other words, for Bourdieu, from the beginning of life, every experience is already conditioned by the world outside, and ____ influence manifests itself in literary works too.

Pre-Consumer Waste is "waste" that is generated by the industrial processes used to make the products or packaging that we buy ____ consumers.

This ____ manufacturing "waste" and is typically very clean, of consistent quality and comprises only a single material.

____ are: offcuts from making aluminium cans; cardboard boxes or clothing; trimmings from preparing vegetables; or wood or textile offcuts from making furniture.

Such "waste" was in the past often sent for disposal, but increasingly producers are recycling their internal "waste" to save money by turning unwanted trimmings or offcuts back into useable ____ materials.

To send ____ materials for disposal is not only poor financial practice by the producer, from an environmental perspective it is criminal.

These are good-quality, clean and easily collectable ____ that just happen to be in the wrong form; so recycle or recover them!

The autonomy granted to ____ individual in terms of free speech can be both individual (understood purely from the speaker's point of view) and relational in nature.

The individual's speech must be protected in order to allow them to freely develop their ____

This is important, even bearing in mind that this development is only possible in social life, which means in relation ____ and possibly in cooperation with others.

Relational autonomy, however, also takes the interests of the audience ____ the speech into account.

Speech can also limit the autonomy of others, for example in the case of defamation, invasion of privacy, or hate ____ that hurts certain community.

European legal systems also take the latter aspect ____ account when setting the limits of freedom of expression.

They ____ freedom of expression in the interests of the autonomy of those affected by the speech, in order to ensure the peace and security of social coexistence.

The belief that vision is important to driving safely is the reason why measurements of visual capability are an integral part of ____ test for issuing a driving licence in most countries.

Despite these requirements, attempts to find a link between simple visual ____ such as visual sharpness and the accident record of drivers have proved largely fruitless.

This may be because drivers with worse visual capabilities are aware of their abilities ____ drive within them.

Alternatively, it may be that the ____ capabilities measured are too simple.

The fact is the drivers' task is a complex one, involving both visual and ____ factors.

Within a very limited time, the ____ has to interpret what is likely to happen on the road ahead.

To do this, the driver has developed a series of expectations of other drivers' behaviour and of what ____ the appropriate locations to examine.

The driver will be faced with objects of different degrees of visibility and noticeability and will have to make judgements for which the visual ____ is not always well suited.

Mathematics can be considered a universal language, but most of it ____ explicitly taught.

However, it is suggested that some aspects of mathematical knowledge could ____ innate and present from birth: for example, the ability to discern between different quantities (i.e. large versus small), while understanding of the relationships and associations between numbers are predominantly learnt.

Although mathematics can be considered a universal language, there are distinct language and cultural differences in ____ counting systems are used.

For example, in English, words ____ 'eleven' and 'twelve' do not directly reflect the values that they stand for, 10+1 and 10+2.

However, in Chinese, the number system is very logical, with words that ____ reflect the values that are used.

____ example, the number 20 in Chinese, ershi, literally translates as 'two-ten'.

____ it is not only the linguistic representation of numbers that differs; the counting systems used also differ.

Although the decimal system predominates today, other counting systems have been developed ____ time, for example, the Mayan numeral system used a base 20 system.

When we practice, we ____ to strengthen the synapses relaying information on how to play something correctly, while weakening those that send erroneous messages.

To understand how this works, think of a leaky hose that has many ____ in it.

Some of the water will go through the hose and out the nozzle, but a lot of ____ will leak out the holes.

This is what your ____ is like when you first start to learn something: the water running out the holes is all the erroneous information your brain is sending to your fingers, lips, etc.

Once you plug the holes in the hose, all the water goes then out the nozzle; in your brain, this is analogous to the synapses relaying the correct ____ being much stronger than those sending incorrect messages.

The brain accomplishes this through changing the structure of the synapse to make it easier for the correct neurons to ____

A common phrase in neuroscience is "neurons that fire together wire together," ____ neurons that communicate with each other often change their structure to make that communication easier.

New York University's Leif D. Nelson and Tom Meyvis explored a surprising phenomenon in ____ 2008 study.

The researchers recruited participants who were told they would be reviewing a massage ____

Participants were split into two groups. ____ first group used the device for three minutes (180 seconds) without a break.

The second group used the massage cushion for two periods of 80 seconds, with a 20-second ____ between sessions.

Afterwards, participants were asked to rate ____ enjoyment of the massage on a nine-point scale (one = not pleasant; nine = extremely pleasant).

Those who had a three-minute massage gave ____ average rating of 6.05 out of 9.

However, those forced to take ____ 20-second break during their massage gave a rating of 7.05 ─ that's a 17% improvement in satisfaction.

At first glance, that's counter-intuitive. The group who had the shorter massage ____ it more.

But the theory is that the break in pleasure prevents us from becoming too familiar with the positive experience and thus noticing ____ less ─ a process called habituation.

Flashback to 50,000 years ago on the Serengeti, and ____ are dragging an antelope back to the village.

Let us just say it has cost you, metabolically speaking, 2,000 calories to stalk, ____ and bring down the antelope.

When you get back to the village, you would clearly have to ____ at least 2,000 calories to recover your expenditure.

____ there is no guarantee that you would successfully get an antelope the next time out, so if you ONLY ate to your metabolic need, you wouldn't survive very long.

That is when the hedonic part of the brain, which governs the feeling of reward ____ in, driving you to eat more.

But how do you get past the mechanical difficulty of a stomach packed full with 2,000 calories of ____

Your brain becomes more picky, it begins to desire foods that are more calorically dense and more calorically available, which are going to be foods high ____ free sugars and fat.

What foods are high in ____ sugars and fat? Desserts.

Your dessert stomach is an evolutionary leftover from your days in the Serengeti, to make sure that even when full, you were still desiring the right types ____ foods to ensure you were able to maximize your caloric intake at every meal, because there was never a guarantee of when the next meal would arrive.

It kept us ____ in regular feast-famine cycles, but has become toxic for many of us in the feast-feast environment of today.