2026년 5월 고3 모의고사 영어 전지문 변형문제

As the head coach of Banpool Football Club, I am writing in connection with ____ issue that occurred in yesterday's match between our team and Firestone Football Club.

During the match, a player named Karl Bellinger participated, and it has come to our attention that Bellinger is also the captain of Ironfield Football Club, a team that has already ____ eliminated from this competition.

Firestone ____ Club has clearly violated competition rules by using a player registered with another club.

We urge the committee to investigate ____ matter.

____ am concerned that such actions may undermine the integrity of the competition.

I look forward to your response ____ this matter.

Paul was standing in ____ train station. This was real.

His long-awaited ____ had just begun.

The long, silver train was already there, and as he ____ he felt alive with anticipation.

____ found his seat and it was perfect ─ a window seat with a great view.

A moment ____ the train began to move.

Paul leaned back in his seat and smiled, looking forward to ____ journey ahead.

About twenty minutes later, a man in a uniform ____ toward him checking tickets.

____ please," said the man. Paul reached into his pocket. His ticket wasn't there.

He searched ____ jacket, then his backpack. Nothing!

"I'm sorry. I know I bought the ticket, but I can't find it now," said Paul, pulling ____ shaking hands out of the backpack.

"I am sorry, sir. I'm afraid you'll have to get off at ____ next station," replied the man.

Paul's heart raced, and his hands grew sweaty. He had no idea ____ to do.

Giving kids an ____ treat that you know they love after a tricky day to cheer them up or soothe them can be tempting but I advise you not to.

When we try to comfort a child with food rather than attend to their physical and emotional ____ we leave them feeling not understood.

Instead of learning that they'll receive ____ comfort and attention, they receive the message that their needs can't or won't be met appropriately.

Consequently, they understand one of the following: that their needs are not valid; that they are too ____ for their parent; that they are being silly; that next time they should keep quiet; or that they need to shout louder to be heard.

If, after tending to your child's emotional and physical wounds you want to ____ some chocolate, ice cream or a trip to a fast-food restaurant, that is, of course completely fine ─ but it must not replace the nurture.

A scientist named Speiser suspects that scallop ____ works in a very different way than ours.

Our brains combine the overlapping information from our two eyes into a single ____

A scallop could do the same across ____ hundred eyes, but that seems unlikely given how primitive its brain is.

Instead, each eye might simply ____ the brain whether it has detected something moving or not.

Think of the scallop's ____ as a security guard watching a bank of a hundred monitors, each connected to a motion-sensing camera.

The cameras may be ____ but the images they capture are not sent to the guard.

All the guard sees on the monitors is a warning light for every camera that ____ spotted something.

If Speiser is right about this strange setup, it means that even though each individual ____ eye has good spatial resolution, the animal itself might not have spatial vision.

It knows when eyes in a certain region of its body have detected something, but it has no visual image ____ that object.

It doesn't experience a movie in its head the same way we do. It sees ____ scenes.

In some sense, cities generate themselves ─ they are ____ adaptive, self-organizing systems.

Of course, it is actually people who create cities, ____ individually or as organized into businesses, governments, and other institutions.

But, ____ the most part, they do so unintentionally as they go about their daily lives.

They move to satisfy immediate needs ─ drop the children ____ at school, get to work, find a location for a new branch office, build a house to live in.

____ do not intend to build a city; that just happens.

Even ____ along the way, there are many acts of planning, these tend to be local, temporary, or incomplete.

So, ultimately, a city emerges as the collective ____ of many individual events, most of which are not intended to be city building.

But the acts of planning are intended to ____ the development of the city, and these, to be successful, must rely on an understanding of the processes by which the city generates itself.

The gene-centric view separates the organism ____ its environment, and in large part, removes agency from the organism.

The 'environment' becomes a box within ____ 'gene-motivated' organisms behave.

Thus, it misleadingly ____ 'genetic' from 'environmental' causes, giving primacy to the former.

Therefore, altruism is denied because 'in reality' organisms behave to enhance their genes ____ the 'gene pool' ─ and love, hate, desires and other motivations flow through and from genes.

With this there can be no creativity. The organism is a prisoner ____ its genes.

This is evidently nonsense because, ____ there is a prisoner, it must be the genes, locked in the organism and obeying its will.

It is the organism as a self-organising entity that has motivation and uses genes in its capacity to ____

The word 'organism' has its origins in defining organisms as self-organising beings, ____ back at least to Immanuel Kant's 1790 Critique of Judgement.

The gene-centric view strips ____ organism of its definitive self.

There are fundamental differences between our attention to animals and our attention to plants, and these are ____ embedded in our visual systems.

One study used a core tool from visual ____ studies called "attentional blink."

"Blink" is when the focus that is given to one object slows down our ability to ____ with a new object.

Our visual processing power is a finite resource, so the more attention the first object takes up, the slower ____ are to shift on to the second.

In this ____ one group of people were first shown an animal and another group were first shown a plant.

A second object, a water droplet, followed in ____ succession.

Those looking at an animal ____ were much less likely to see the water than those first looking at a plant.

The plant simply took up less of their attention, freeing up capacity to notice ____ things.

Plants are not only thought of as less interesting, they are fundamentally given less processing power in our visual system, becoming ____ mass of crowded, unmoving background greenery.

Alan Seeger, an American poet, was born in New York City in 1888 ____ grew up in a wealthy home.

After his father's trading business went bankrupt, his family moved to Mexico City for two years. Its landscape ____ many of his works.

Seeger returned to the States and later graduated from Harvard University, where he was inspired by ____ Romantic poets.

Seeger left for Paris, France to live out his romanticized ____ of bohemian life and made friendships with many artists.

When World ____ I broke out in 1914, he joined the French army as a volunteer to defend his beloved France.

During the war, ____ wrote a poem, I Have a Rendezvous with Death, about a soldier accepting his upcoming death and it made Seeger instantly famous when it was published.

Seeger died during the Battle of the Somme in 1916. Following his death, the French Military awarded him the Croix de Guerre, ____ highest French military honor.

A study by ____ found that young people who were working remotely reported more difficulties in managing their workload than older colleagues.

Moreover, many young people began their careers working remotely during the pandemic, ____ those in older generations who had many years to establish interpersonal connections and embed themselves in the organizational culture in an in-person job.

A survey by Prospects found that almost half of students and graduates in the United Kingdom found it difficult to work from home during the pandemic due ____ a lack of suitable workspace or distractions.

While young people may struggle long-term with remote work, perhaps more of a hybrid model where they can work from home part of the time and work ____ other times, would work well for them.

But it may not be that they need a formal hybrid structure with specific days of the week designated for working remotely but instead a fluid option that allows them, if possible, depending on the job role, to choose their day-to-day work ____

In humans, the infant immune system is less active ____ that of adults, enabling a wide range of bacteria to establish in our guts.

Similarly, young plants release fewer defensive compounds into the soil than older ones, allowing a broad variety of ____ to colonize their rhizospheres.

Human ____ milk contains sugars.

At first, scientists struggled to understand ____ mothers express these compounds, as babies can't digest them.

It now seems that their sole purpose is to feed the bacteria with which the child will ____

They selectively cultivate a particular bacterial species with a crucial role in helping the gut to ____ and fine-tuning the immune system.

Similarly, young plants release large quantities of sugars into the ____ to feed and develop their new microbiomes.

Like the ____ gut, the rhizosphere not only digests food, but also helps to protect plants from disease.

Just as the bacteria that live in our guts ____ and attack invading pathogens, the microbes in the rhizosphere create a defensive ring around the root.

Plants feed beneficial bacteria species, so ____ they eliminate pathogenic microbes.

____ spiders often use distinct vibrational signals to defend their webs.

When a rival approaches, the resident spider will rapidly shake its web, sending out a series ____ intense vibrations.

____ vibrations can be interpreted as a challenge, signaling the resident spider's readiness to fight.

____ intensity and complexity of these signals often correlate with the size and strength of the spider, allowing the invader to assess the risk of engaging in a direct confrontation.

The beauty of vibrational signaling lies in its ____

It avoids costly physical clashes, allowing spiders ____ resolve territorial disputes with minimal risk of injury.

A smaller or weaker spider, upon receiving a strong vibrational warning, may ____ to retreat and seek a less contested territory, rather than risk a potentially fatal fight.

This makes vibrational communication a crucial tool for ____ stability and reducing aggression within spider populations.

According to British economist Lionel Robbins, whether goods and services are beneficial to human welfare or not, economics should study them ____ they satisfy the wants of some men.

It is also worth noting that in view of Robbins, economics does not deal with the question as to what ends should be achieved, that is, what wants should be satisfied and what not, because in this regard man himself has ____ decide.

Economics itself ____ not make a choice.

Economist only tells in what ways the ____ ends or wants can be achieved with the minimum possible resources.

What ends or wants should be ____ for satisfaction is not the concern of economists.

Whether the ends chosen by man are good or bad, noble or ignoble, ____ should study them, because the task of economist is not to praise or criticise but only to analyse and explain.

To decide ____ the desirability or otherwise of a thing is beyond the scope of economics.

Therefore, according to Robbins, economics is neutral between ____

In some parts ____ India there are temples to Sitala, who is a goddess of skin diseases.

Historically, people in these regions made ____ to Sitala in order to protect themselves against smallpox.

During the colonial period in India, the ____ introduced the smallpox vaccine, which ultimately led to the elimination of smallpox.

This ____ turn led to a significant decline in the worship of Sitala as people no longer needed her assistance to avoid smallpox.

Was ____ right for the British to introduce the smallpox vaccine given that it undermined the cultural practice of making offerings to Sitala?

Or was this cultural imperialism? Should the British simply have lived and let live, or lived and let die as the case ____ be?

That might seem harsh, ____ there are some scholars who argue for that.

What is beyond dispute is ____ no matter how you answer that question, you are making a value judgment.

In this example, choosing to live and let live isn't value-neutral; it's a choice that values cultural autonomy over the lives of those who would ____ be saved.

What are the ____ between social determinations and subjective aesthetic experience?

If every author comes out with his/her own set ____ values and personal history, how is this subjective vision of the world influenced by the society in which the author lives?

The inner world of ____ writer necessarily meets the social world outside of him or her.

Pierre Bourdieu, in La distinction, tries to answer this question from a materialistic point of view, saying that the analysis of this kind of relation between the inner and the social world ____ go back to the earliest stage of a child's life when s/he experiences pleasure and aversion.

But children are already part of a social group thanks to their family, and therefore the pleasure and the aversion they experience are class-specific, according to the volume of capital they can access, so that the 'purest' pleasures, ____ affirms, are rooted in these socially conditioned experiences.

In other ____ for Bourdieu, from the beginning of life, every experience is already conditioned by the world outside, and this influence manifests itself in literary works too.

Pre-Consumer Waste is ____ that is generated by the industrial processes used to make the products or packaging that we buy as consumers.

This is manufacturing "waste" and is typically very clean, of ____ quality and comprises only a single material.

Examples are: offcuts from making aluminium cans; cardboard boxes or clothing; trimmings from ____ vegetables; or wood or textile offcuts from making furniture.

Such ____ was in the past often sent for disposal, but increasingly producers are recycling their internal "waste" to save money by turning unwanted trimmings or offcuts back into useable raw materials.

To send such materials for disposal is ____ only poor financial practice by the producer, from an environmental perspective it is criminal.

____ are good-quality, clean and easily collectable materials that just happen to be in the wrong form; so recycle or recover them!

The autonomy granted to the individual in terms of free speech can be ____ individual (understood purely from the speaker's point of view) and relational in nature.

The individual's speech must be protected in order to allow them to ____ develop their personality.

This is important, even bearing in mind that this development is only possible in social life, which means in relation to and possibly ____ cooperation with others.

Relational autonomy, however, also takes the interests ____ the audience of the speech into account.

Speech can also limit the autonomy of others, for example in the case ____ defamation, invasion of privacy, or hate speech that hurts certain community.

European legal systems also take the latter aspect into ____ when setting the limits of freedom of expression.

They restrict freedom of ____ in the interests of the autonomy of those affected by the speech, in order to ensure the peace and security of social coexistence.

The belief that vision is important to driving safely is the reason why measurements of ____ capability are an integral part of the test for issuing a driving licence in most countries.

Despite these requirements, attempts to find a link between simple visual functions such as visual sharpness and the accident record ____ drivers have proved largely fruitless.

This may be because drivers with ____ visual capabilities are aware of their abilities and drive within them.

Alternatively, it may ____ that the visual capabilities measured are too simple.

The fact is the ____ task is a complex one, involving both visual and cognitive factors.

Within a ____ limited time, the driver has to interpret what is likely to happen on the road ahead.

To do this, the driver has developed a series of expectations of other drivers' behaviour and of what are the appropriate locations ____ examine.

The ____ will be faced with objects of different degrees of visibility and noticeability and will have to make judgements for which the visual system is not always well suited.

Mathematics can be considered a ____ language, but most of it is explicitly taught.

However, it is suggested that some aspects of mathematical knowledge could be innate and present from birth: for example, the ability to discern between different quantities (i.e. large versus small), ____ understanding of the relationships and associations between numbers are predominantly learnt.

Although mathematics can be considered a universal language, there are distinct language and cultural differences in how counting systems ____ used.

For example, in English, words like 'eleven' and 'twelve' do not directly reflect the values that ____ stand for, 10+1 and 10+2.

However, in Chinese, the number system is very ____ with words that directly reflect the values that are used.

For example, ____ number 20 in Chinese, ershi, literally translates as 'two-ten'.

But it is not only ____ linguistic representation of numbers that differs; the counting systems used also differ.

Although the decimal system predominates today, other counting systems have been developed over time, for example, the ____ numeral system used a base 20 system.

When we practice, we want to strengthen the synapses relaying information ____ how to play something correctly, while weakening those that send erroneous messages.

To understand how this works, think of a leaky hose ____ has many holes in it.

Some of the ____ will go through the hose and out the nozzle, but a lot of it will leak out the holes.

This is what your brain is like when you first start to learn something: the water ____ out the holes is all the erroneous information your brain is sending to your fingers, lips, etc.

Once you plug the holes in the hose, all the water goes then out the nozzle; in your brain, this is analogous to the synapses relaying the correct messages being much stronger than those sending ____ messages.

The brain accomplishes this through changing the structure of the synapse to make it easier for the correct ____ to communicate.

A common phrase in neuroscience is "neurons that fire together wire together," meaning neurons that communicate with each other often change ____ structure to make that communication easier.

New York University's Leif D. Nelson ____ Tom Meyvis explored a surprising phenomenon in a 2008 study.

The researchers recruited participants who were told ____ would be reviewing a massage cushion.

Participants were split into two groups. The first group used the device for three minutes (180 ____ without a break.

The second group used the massage cushion for two periods of 80 seconds, with a 20-second break ____ sessions.

Afterwards, participants were asked ____ rate their enjoyment of the massage on a nine-point scale (one = not pleasant; nine = extremely pleasant).

Those who had a three-minute massage gave an average rating of 6.05 out of ____

However, those forced to take a 20-second break during their ____ gave a rating of 7.05 ─ that's a 17% improvement in satisfaction.

At first glance, that's counter-intuitive. The group who had the shorter ____ enjoyed it more.

But the theory is that the break in pleasure prevents ____ from becoming too familiar with the positive experience and thus noticing it less ─ a process called habituation.

Flashback to 50,000 years ago on the Serengeti, and you are dragging an antelope ____ to the village.

Let us just say it has cost you, ____ speaking, 2,000 calories to stalk, chase and bring down the antelope.

When you get back to the village, you would clearly have to consume at least 2,000 calories to ____ your expenditure.

But there is no guarantee that you would successfully get an antelope the ____ time out, so if you ONLY ate to your metabolic need, you wouldn't survive very long.

That is ____ the hedonic part of the brain, which governs the feeling of reward kicks in, driving you to eat more.

But how do you get past the ____ difficulty of a stomach packed full with 2,000 calories of meat?

Your brain becomes more picky, it begins to desire foods that are more calorically dense and more calorically available, which are going to ____ foods high in free sugars and fat.

What foods are high in free ____ and fat? Desserts.

Your dessert stomach is an evolutionary leftover from your days in the Serengeti, to make sure that even when full, you were still desiring the right types of foods to ensure you were able ____ maximize your caloric intake at every meal, because there was never a guarantee of when the next meal would arrive.

It kept us alive in regular feast-famine cycles, but has become ____ for many of us in the feast-feast environment of today.