2026년 5월 고3 모의고사 영어 전지문 변형문제

As the head ____ of Banpool Football Club, I am writing in connection with an issue that occurred in yesterday's match between our team and Firestone Football Club.

During the match, a player named Karl Bellinger participated, and it has come to our attention that Bellinger is also the captain of Ironfield Football Club, a team that has already been eliminated from this ____.

Firestone Football Club has ____ violated competition rules by using a player registered with another club.

We urge the committee to ____ this matter.

I am concerned that such ____ may undermine the integrity of the competition.

I look forward to your ____ regarding this matter.

____ was standing in the train station. This was real.

His long-awaited holiday had ____ begun.

The long, silver train was ____ there, and as he boarded, he felt alive with anticipation.

He found his seat and it was ____ ─ a window seat with a great view.

A ____ later, the train began to move.

Paul leaned ____ in his seat and smiled, looking forward to the journey ahead.

About twenty minutes later, a man in a uniform walked toward him checking ____.

"Tickets, please," said the man. Paul reached into his pocket. His ____ wasn't there.

He ____ his jacket, then his backpack. Nothing!

"I'm sorry. I know I bought the ticket, but I can't ____ it now," said Paul, pulling his shaking hands out of the backpack.

"I am sorry, ____. I'm afraid you'll have to get off at the next station," replied the man.

Paul's ____ raced, and his hands grew sweaty. He had no idea what to do.

Giving kids an edible treat that you know they love after a tricky day to cheer them up or soothe them ____ be tempting but I advise you not to.

When we try to comfort a child with food ____ than attend to their physical and emotional needs, we leave them feeling not understood.

Instead of learning that they'll receive appropriate comfort and attention, they receive the message that their needs can't or ____ be met appropriately.

Consequently, they understand one of the following: that their needs are not valid; that they are too much for their parent; that they are being silly; that next time they should keep quiet; or that they ____ to shout louder to be heard.

If, after tending to your child's emotional and physical wounds you want to offer some chocolate, ice cream or a trip to a fast-food restaurant, that is, of course completely fine ─ but it must ____ replace the nurture.

A scientist named ____ suspects that scallop vision works in a very different way than ours.

Our brains combine the overlapping information from our two ____ into a single scene.

A scallop could do the same across a hundred eyes, but that seems ____ given how primitive its brain is.

Instead, each eye might simply tell the brain whether it has detected something moving or ____.

Think of the scallop's brain as a security guard watching a bank of a hundred monitors, each connected to a motion-sensing ____.

The ____ may be state-of-the-art, but the images they capture are not sent to the guard.

All the ____ sees on the monitors is a warning light for every camera that has spotted something.

If Speiser is right about this strange setup, it means that even though each individual ____ eye has good spatial resolution, the animal itself might not have spatial vision.

It knows when eyes in a certain region of its body have ____ something, but it has no visual image of that object.

It doesn't experience a movie in its head the same way we do. It ____ without scenes.

In ____ sense, cities generate themselves ─ they are complex, adaptive, self-organizing systems.

Of course, it is actually people ____ create cities, either individually or as organized into businesses, governments, and other institutions.

But, for the ____ part, they do so unintentionally as they go about their daily lives.

They move to satisfy immediate needs ─ drop the children off at school, get to work, find a location for a new branch office, ____ a house to live in.

They do ____ intend to build a city; that just happens.

Even though, along the way, there are many acts of planning, these tend to be ____, temporary, or incomplete.

So, ultimately, a city emerges as the collective result of many individual events, most of ____ are not intended to be city building.

But the acts of ____ are intended to guide the development of the city, and these, to be successful, must rely on an understanding of the processes by which the city generates itself.

The gene-centric view separates the organism from its environment, and in ____ part, removes agency from the organism.

The 'environment' becomes a ____ within which 'gene-motivated' organisms behave.

Thus, it misleadingly partitions 'genetic' from '____' causes, giving primacy to the former.

Therefore, altruism is denied because 'in reality' ____ behave to enhance their genes in the 'gene pool' ─ and love, hate, desires and other motivations flow through and from genes.

With this there can be no ____. The organism is a prisoner of its genes.

This is evidently nonsense because, if there is a prisoner, it ____ be the genes, locked in the organism and obeying its will.

It is the organism as a self-organising entity that has ____ and uses genes in its capacity to act.

The word 'organism' has its origins in defining organisms as self-organising beings, going back at least to Immanuel ____ 1790 Critique of Judgement.

The gene-centric view strips the organism of ____ definitive self.

____ are fundamental differences between our attention to animals and our attention to plants, and these are deeply embedded in our visual systems.

One study used a core tool from visual cognition ____ called "attentional blink."

"Blink" is when the focus that is given to one ____ slows down our ability to engage with a new object.

Our visual processing power is a finite resource, so the more ____ the first object takes up, the slower we are to shift on to the second.

In this study, one group of people were ____ shown an animal and another group were first shown a plant.

A second object, a ____ droplet, followed in quick succession.

Those looking at an animal initially were ____ less likely to see the water than those first looking at a plant.

The plant ____ took up less of their attention, freeing up capacity to notice other things.

Plants are not only thought of as less interesting, they are fundamentally ____ less processing power in our visual system, becoming a mass of crowded, unmoving background greenery.

Alan Seeger, an American poet, was born in New York City in 1888 and grew up in a wealthy ____.

After his father's trading business went ____, his family moved to Mexico City for two years. Its landscape influenced many of his works.

Seeger returned to the States and later graduated from Harvard University, where he was ____ by the Romantic poets.

Seeger left for Paris, France to live ____ his romanticized notion of bohemian life and made friendships with many artists.

When World War I broke out in 1914, he joined the ____ army as a volunteer to defend his beloved France.

During the war, he wrote a poem, I Have a Rendezvous with Death, about a soldier accepting his upcoming death and it made Seeger instantly famous ____ it was published.

Seeger died during the Battle of the Somme in 1916. Following his death, the French Military ____ him the Croix de Guerre, the highest French military honor.

A study by Eurofound found that young people who were working remotely reported more difficulties in ____ their workload than older colleagues.

Moreover, many young people began their careers working remotely during the pandemic, unlike those in older generations ____ had many years to establish interpersonal connections and embed themselves in the organizational culture in an in-person job.

A survey by Prospects found that almost half of students and graduates in the United Kingdom found it difficult to ____ from home during the pandemic due to a lack of suitable workspace or distractions.

While young people may struggle long-term with remote work, perhaps more of a hybrid model where they can work from home part of the time and work onsite other ____, would work well for them.

But it may not be that they need a formal hybrid structure with specific days of the week designated for working remotely but instead a fluid option that ____ them, if possible, depending on the job role, to choose their day-to-day work location.

In humans, the infant immune system is less ____ than that of adults, enabling a wide range of bacteria to establish in our guts.

Similarly, young plants release fewer defensive compounds into the ____ than older ones, allowing a broad variety of microbes to colonize their rhizospheres.

Human breast milk ____ sugars.

At first, scientists struggled to understand why mothers express these compounds, as babies can't ____ them.

It now seems that their sole purpose is to feed the bacteria with which the ____ will grow.

They selectively cultivate a particular bacterial species with a crucial role in helping the gut to develop and fine-tuning the ____ system.

____, young plants release large quantities of sugars into the soil, to feed and develop their new microbiomes.

Like the human gut, the rhizosphere not only digests food, but also helps to protect plants from ____.

Just as the bacteria that live in our guts outcompete and attack invading pathogens, the microbes in the ____ create a defensive ring around the root.

Plants feed ____ bacteria species, so that they eliminate pathogenic microbes.

Orb-weaving spiders often use distinct vibrational signals to ____ their webs.

When a rival approaches, the resident spider will rapidly shake its web, sending ____ a series of intense vibrations.

____ vibrations can be interpreted as a challenge, signaling the resident spider's readiness to fight.

The intensity and complexity of these signals ____ correlate with the size and strength of the spider, allowing the invader to assess the risk of engaging in a direct confrontation.

The ____ of vibrational signaling lies in its efficiency.

It avoids costly physical clashes, allowing ____ to resolve territorial disputes with minimal risk of injury.

A smaller or weaker spider, upon receiving a strong vibrational warning, may ____ to retreat and seek a less contested territory, rather than risk a potentially fatal fight.

This makes vibrational communication a crucial tool for maintaining stability and reducing aggression within spider ____.

According to British economist Lionel Robbins, whether goods and services are beneficial to human welfare or not, economics should study them if they ____ the wants of some men.

It is also worth noting that in view of Robbins, economics does not deal with the question as to what ends ____ be achieved, that is, what wants should be satisfied and what not, because in this regard man himself has to decide.

Economics itself ____ not make a choice.

Economist ____ tells in what ways the given ends or wants can be achieved with the minimum possible resources.

What ends or wants should be selected for satisfaction is not the ____ of economists.

Whether the ends chosen by man are good or bad, noble or ignoble, economics ____ study them, because the task of economist is not to praise or criticise but only to analyse and explain.

To decide about the desirability or otherwise of a thing is beyond the scope of ____.

Therefore, according to Robbins, economics is neutral ____ ends.

In some parts of India there are temples to Sitala, who is a ____ of skin diseases.

____, people in these regions made offerings to Sitala in order to protect themselves against smallpox.

During the colonial period in India, the British introduced the smallpox vaccine, ____ ultimately led to the elimination of smallpox.

This in turn led to a significant decline in the worship of Sitala as people no ____ needed her assistance to avoid smallpox.

Was it right for the British to introduce the smallpox vaccine ____ that it undermined the cultural practice of making offerings to Sitala?

Or was this cultural imperialism? Should the British simply ____ lived and let live, or lived and let die as the case may be?

That might seem harsh, but there are some scholars ____ argue for that.

What is beyond dispute is that no matter how you answer that question, you are making a ____ judgment.

In this example, choosing to live and let live isn't value-neutral; it's a choice that values ____ autonomy over the lives of those who would otherwise be saved.

What are the ____ between social determinations and subjective aesthetic experience?

If every author comes out with his/her own set of values and ____ history, how is this subjective vision of the world influenced by the society in which the author lives?

The inner world of the writer necessarily meets the ____ world outside of him or her.

Pierre Bourdieu, in La distinction, ____ to answer this question from a materialistic point of view, saying that the analysis of this kind of relation between the inner and the social world must go back to the earliest stage of a child's life when s/he experiences pleasure and aversion.

But ____ are already part of a social group thanks to their family, and therefore the pleasure and the aversion they experience are class-specific, according to the volume of capital they can access, so that the 'purest' pleasures, Bourdieu affirms, are rooted in these socially conditioned experiences.

In other words, for Bourdieu, from the beginning of life, every experience is already conditioned by the world outside, and this influence manifests ____ in literary works too.

Pre-Consumer Waste is "waste" that is ____ by the industrial processes used to make the products or packaging that we buy as consumers.

This is manufacturing "____" and is typically very clean, of consistent quality and comprises only a single material.

Examples are: offcuts from making aluminium cans; cardboard boxes or clothing; trimmings from preparing vegetables; or wood or textile offcuts from making ____.

Such "waste" was in the past often sent for disposal, but increasingly producers are recycling their internal "waste" to save money by turning unwanted trimmings or offcuts ____ into useable raw materials.

To send such materials for disposal is not only ____ financial practice by the producer, from an environmental perspective it is criminal.

____ are good-quality, clean and easily collectable materials that just happen to be in the wrong form; so recycle or recover them!

The autonomy granted to the individual in terms of free speech can be both individual (understood ____ from the speaker's point of view) and relational in nature.

The individual's ____ must be protected in order to allow them to freely develop their personality.

This is important, even bearing in mind that this development is only ____ in social life, which means in relation to and possibly in cooperation with others.

Relational autonomy, however, also ____ the interests of the audience of the speech into account.

Speech can also limit the autonomy of others, for example in the case of defamation, invasion of ____, or hate speech that hurts certain community.

____ legal systems also take the latter aspect into account when setting the limits of freedom of expression.

They restrict freedom of expression in the interests of the autonomy of those affected by the speech, in order to ensure the peace and security of social ____.

The belief that vision is important to driving safely is the reason why measurements of visual capability are an integral part of the test for ____ a driving licence in most countries.

Despite these requirements, attempts to find a link between simple visual functions such as ____ sharpness and the accident record of drivers have proved largely fruitless.

This may be because drivers with worse visual capabilities are aware of their abilities and drive ____ them.

Alternatively, it ____ be that the visual capabilities measured are too simple.

The fact is the drivers' ____ is a complex one, involving both visual and cognitive factors.

Within a very limited time, the driver has to interpret what is likely to ____ on the road ahead.

To do this, the driver has developed a ____ of expectations of other drivers' behaviour and of what are the appropriate locations to examine.

The driver will be faced with objects of different degrees of visibility and noticeability and will have to make judgements for ____ the visual system is not always well suited.

Mathematics can be considered a universal language, but most of it is explicitly ____.

However, it is suggested that some aspects of mathematical knowledge could be innate and present from birth: for example, the ability to discern between ____ quantities (i.e. large versus small), while understanding of the relationships and associations between numbers are predominantly learnt.

Although ____ can be considered a universal language, there are distinct language and cultural differences in how counting systems are used.

For example, in English, words ____ 'eleven' and 'twelve' do not directly reflect the values that they stand for, 10+1 and 10+2.

However, in Chinese, the number system is ____ logical, with words that directly reflect the values that are used.

For example, the number 20 in Chinese, ershi, ____ translates as 'two-ten'.

But it is not only the linguistic representation of numbers that differs; the ____ systems used also differ.

Although the decimal system predominates today, other counting systems ____ been developed over time, for example, the Mayan numeral system used a base 20 system.

When we practice, we want to strengthen the synapses relaying ____ on how to play something correctly, while weakening those that send erroneous messages.

To understand how this works, think of a ____ hose that has many holes in it.

Some of the water will go through the ____ and out the nozzle, but a lot of it will leak out the holes.

This is what your brain is like when you first start to learn something: the water running out the holes is all the erroneous information your brain is sending to your fingers, ____, etc.

Once you plug the holes in the hose, all the water goes then out the nozzle; in your ____, this is analogous to the synapses relaying the correct messages being much stronger than those sending incorrect messages.

The brain accomplishes this through changing the structure of the synapse to ____ it easier for the correct neurons to communicate.

A common phrase in neuroscience is "neurons that fire together wire together," meaning neurons that communicate with each other ____ change their structure to make that communication easier.

New York ____ Leif D. Nelson and Tom Meyvis explored a surprising phenomenon in a 2008 study.

The researchers recruited participants who were told they would be ____ a massage cushion.

Participants were split into two groups. The first group used the device for three minutes (180 seconds) without a ____.

The second group used the massage cushion for ____ periods of 80 seconds, with a 20-second break between sessions.

Afterwards, participants were asked to rate their enjoyment of the massage on a nine-point scale (one = not ____; nine = extremely pleasant).

Those who had a three-minute ____ gave an average rating of 6.05 out of 9.

However, those forced to take a 20-second break ____ their massage gave a rating of 7.05 ─ that's a 17% improvement in satisfaction.

At first glance, that's counter-intuitive. The group who had the ____ massage enjoyed it more.

But the theory is that the break in pleasure prevents us from becoming too familiar with the ____ experience and thus noticing it less ─ a process called habituation.

Flashback to 50,000 years ago on the Serengeti, and you are dragging an antelope ____ to the village.

Let us just ____ it has cost you, metabolically speaking, 2,000 calories to stalk, chase and bring down the antelope.

When you get back to the village, you would clearly have to consume at least 2,000 calories to recover your ____.

But there is no guarantee that you would ____ get an antelope the next time out, so if you ONLY ate to your metabolic need, you wouldn't survive very long.

That is when the hedonic part of the brain, which governs the feeling of reward ____ in, driving you to eat more.

But how do you get past the mechanical difficulty of a stomach packed ____ with 2,000 calories of meat?

Your brain becomes more picky, it begins to desire foods that are more calorically dense and more ____ available, which are going to be foods high in free sugars and fat.

What foods are high in ____ sugars and fat? Desserts.

Your dessert stomach is an evolutionary leftover ____ your days in the Serengeti, to make sure that even when full, you were still desiring the right types of foods to ensure you were able to maximize your caloric intake at every meal, because there was never a guarantee of when the next meal would arrive.

It kept us alive in regular feast-famine cycles, but has become toxic for many of us in the feast-feast environment of ____.