2026년 5월 고3 모의고사 영어 전지문 변형문제

As the head coach of Banpool Football Club, I am writing in ____ with an issue that occurred in yesterday's match between our team and Firestone Football Club.

During the match, a player named Karl Bellinger ____, and it has come to our attention that Bellinger is also the captain of Ironfield Football Club, a team that has already been eliminated from this competition.

Firestone Football Club has clearly violated competition rules by ____ a player registered with another club.

We urge the committee to ____ this matter.

I am concerned that such ____ may undermine the integrity of the competition.

I look forward to your ____ regarding this matter.

Paul was ____ in the train station. This was real.

His long-awaited holiday had ____ begun.

The long, silver train was already there, and as he boarded, he felt ____ with anticipation.

He found his seat and it was perfect ─ a window seat with a ____ view.

A moment later, the train began to ____.

Paul leaned back in his seat and ____, looking forward to the journey ahead.

____ twenty minutes later, a man in a uniform walked toward him checking tickets.

"Tickets, ____," said the man. Paul reached into his pocket. His ticket wasn't there.

He searched his jacket, ____ his backpack. Nothing!

"I'm sorry. I know I bought the ticket, but I can't ____ it now," said Paul, pulling his shaking hands out of the backpack.

"I am sorry, sir. I'm afraid you'll have to ____ off at the next station," replied the man.

Paul's heart raced, and his hands ____ sweaty. He had no idea what to do.

Giving kids an edible treat that you know they love after a tricky day to ____ them up or soothe them can be tempting but I advise you not to.

When we try to comfort a child with food rather ____ attend to their physical and emotional needs, we leave them feeling not understood.

Instead of learning that they'll receive appropriate comfort and attention, they receive the message that their needs can't or ____ be met appropriately.

Consequently, they understand one of the following: that their needs are not ____; that they are too much for their parent; that they are being silly; that next time they should keep quiet; or that they need to shout louder to be heard.

If, after tending to your child's emotional and physical wounds you ____ to offer some chocolate, ice cream or a trip to a fast-food restaurant, that is, of course completely fine ─ but it must not replace the nurture.

A scientist named Speiser suspects that scallop vision works in a ____ different way than ours.

Our brains combine the overlapping information from our two eyes into a single ____.

A scallop could do the same across a hundred eyes, but that seems unlikely given how primitive ____ brain is.

Instead, each eye might simply tell the ____ whether it has detected something moving or not.

Think of the scallop's ____ as a security guard watching a bank of a hundred monitors, each connected to a motion-sensing camera.

The cameras may be state-of-the-art, but the images they ____ are not sent to the guard.

All the guard ____ on the monitors is a warning light for every camera that has spotted something.

If Speiser is right about this strange setup, it means that even though each individual scallop eye has good spatial resolution, the animal itself might ____ have spatial vision.

It ____ when eyes in a certain region of its body have detected something, but it has no visual image of that object.

It doesn't experience a movie in its head the same way we do. It sees without ____.

In some sense, cities ____ themselves ─ they are complex, adaptive, self-organizing systems.

Of ____, it is actually people who create cities, either individually or as organized into businesses, governments, and other institutions.

But, for the most ____, they do so unintentionally as they go about their daily lives.

They move to satisfy immediate needs ─ drop the children off at school, get to work, find a location for a new ____ office, build a house to live in.

They do not intend to ____ a city; that just happens.

Even though, along the way, there are many acts of planning, these tend to be local, ____, or incomplete.

So, ultimately, a city emerges as the collective result of many individual events, ____ of which are not intended to be city building.

But the acts of planning are intended to guide the development of the city, and these, to be successful, ____ rely on an understanding of the processes by which the city generates itself.

The gene-centric view separates the organism ____ its environment, and in large part, removes agency from the organism.

The 'environment' becomes a ____ within which 'gene-motivated' organisms behave.

____, it misleadingly partitions 'genetic' from 'environmental' causes, giving primacy to the former.

Therefore, altruism is denied because 'in reality' organisms behave to enhance their genes in the 'gene pool' ─ and love, hate, desires and other motivations ____ through and from genes.

With this there can be no ____. The organism is a prisoner of its genes.

This is ____ nonsense because, if there is a prisoner, it must be the genes, locked in the organism and obeying its will.

It is the organism as a self-organising entity that has ____ and uses genes in its capacity to act.

The word 'organism' has its origins in defining organisms as ____ beings, going back at least to Immanuel Kant's 1790 Critique of Judgement.

The gene-centric view strips the ____ of its definitive self.

There are fundamental differences between our attention to animals and our ____ to plants, and these are deeply embedded in our visual systems.

____ study used a core tool from visual cognition studies called "attentional blink."

"Blink" is when the focus that is given to one object ____ down our ability to engage with a new object.

Our visual processing power is a finite resource, so the ____ attention the first object takes up, the slower we are to shift on to the second.

In this study, one group of people were first shown an animal and ____ group were first shown a plant.

A second object, a water droplet, followed in ____ succession.

Those looking at an animal ____ were much less likely to see the water than those first looking at a plant.

The plant simply took up less of their attention, freeing up capacity to notice ____ things.

Plants are not only thought of as less interesting, they are fundamentally given less processing power in our visual system, becoming a mass of ____, unmoving background greenery.

Alan Seeger, an ____ poet, was born in New York City in 1888 and grew up in a wealthy home.

After his father's trading business went bankrupt, his family moved to Mexico City for two years. Its landscape influenced many of his ____.

Seeger returned to the States and later graduated from Harvard ____, where he was inspired by the Romantic poets.

Seeger left for Paris, France to live out his romanticized notion of bohemian life and ____ friendships with many artists.

When World War I broke ____ in 1914, he joined the French army as a volunteer to defend his beloved France.

During the war, he wrote a poem, I Have a Rendezvous with Death, about a ____ accepting his upcoming death and it made Seeger instantly famous when it was published.

Seeger died during the Battle of the Somme in 1916. Following his death, the French Military awarded him the Croix de Guerre, the highest French military ____.

A study by Eurofound found that young people who were working remotely ____ more difficulties in managing their workload than older colleagues.

Moreover, many young people began their careers working remotely during the pandemic, unlike those in older generations who had ____ years to establish interpersonal connections and embed themselves in the organizational culture in an in-person job.

A survey by Prospects found that almost half of students and graduates in the United ____ found it difficult to work from home during the pandemic due to a lack of suitable workspace or distractions.

While young people may struggle long-term with remote work, perhaps more of a hybrid model where they can work from home part of the time and ____ onsite other times, would work well for them.

But it may not be that they need a formal hybrid structure with specific days of the week designated for working remotely but instead a ____ option that allows them, if possible, depending on the job role, to choose their day-to-day work location.

In humans, the infant immune system is less active than that of adults, enabling a wide range of bacteria to establish in our ____.

Similarly, young plants release fewer defensive compounds into the soil ____ older ones, allowing a broad variety of microbes to colonize their rhizospheres.

Human breast ____ contains sugars.

At first, scientists struggled to understand why mothers express these compounds, as ____ can't digest them.

It ____ seems that their sole purpose is to feed the bacteria with which the child will grow.

They selectively cultivate a particular bacterial ____ with a crucial role in helping the gut to develop and fine-tuning the immune system.

Similarly, young plants release large quantities of sugars into the soil, to feed and ____ their new microbiomes.

Like the human gut, the rhizosphere not ____ digests food, but also helps to protect plants from disease.

____ as the bacteria that live in our guts outcompete and attack invading pathogens, the microbes in the rhizosphere create a defensive ring around the root.

Plants feed beneficial bacteria species, so that they ____ pathogenic microbes.

Orb-weaving spiders often ____ distinct vibrational signals to defend their webs.

When a rival approaches, the resident spider will ____ shake its web, sending out a series of intense vibrations.

These vibrations can be interpreted as a challenge, signaling the resident ____ readiness to fight.

The intensity and complexity of these signals often correlate with the size and strength of the spider, allowing the invader to assess the risk of engaging in a ____ confrontation.

The beauty of vibrational signaling lies in its ____.

It avoids costly physical clashes, allowing spiders to ____ territorial disputes with minimal risk of injury.

A smaller or weaker spider, upon receiving a strong vibrational warning, may choose to retreat and seek a less ____ territory, rather than risk a potentially fatal fight.

This makes vibrational communication a crucial ____ for maintaining stability and reducing aggression within spider populations.

According to British economist Lionel Robbins, whether goods and services are beneficial to human welfare or not, economics should study them if they ____ the wants of some men.

It is also worth noting that in view of Robbins, ____ does not deal with the question as to what ends should be achieved, that is, what wants should be satisfied and what not, because in this regard man himself has to decide.

Economics itself does not make a ____.

Economist only tells in what ways the given ends or wants ____ be achieved with the minimum possible resources.

What ends or wants should be selected for satisfaction is not the concern of ____.

Whether the ends chosen by ____ are good or bad, noble or ignoble, economics should study them, because the task of economist is not to praise or criticise but only to analyse and explain.

To decide about the desirability or otherwise of a thing is beyond the scope of ____.

Therefore, according to Robbins, economics is neutral between ____.

In some parts of India there are temples to Sitala, who is a goddess of skin ____.

Historically, people in these regions made offerings to Sitala in order to protect themselves ____ smallpox.

During the colonial period in India, the British introduced the smallpox vaccine, ____ ultimately led to the elimination of smallpox.

This in ____ led to a significant decline in the worship of Sitala as people no longer needed her assistance to avoid smallpox.

Was it ____ for the British to introduce the smallpox vaccine given that it undermined the cultural practice of making offerings to Sitala?

Or was this cultural imperialism? Should the British simply have lived and let live, or lived and let ____ as the case may be?

That might seem harsh, but ____ are some scholars who argue for that.

What is beyond ____ is that no matter how you answer that question, you are making a value judgment.

In this example, choosing to live and let ____ isn't value-neutral; it's a choice that values cultural autonomy over the lives of those who would otherwise be saved.

What are the relations between social determinations and ____ aesthetic experience?

If every author comes ____ with his/her own set of values and personal history, how is this subjective vision of the world influenced by the society in which the author lives?

The inner ____ of the writer necessarily meets the social world outside of him or her.

Pierre Bourdieu, in La distinction, tries to answer this question from a materialistic point of view, saying that the analysis of this kind of relation between the ____ and the social world must go back to the earliest stage of a child's life when s/he experiences pleasure and aversion.

But children are already part of a social group thanks to their family, and therefore the pleasure and the aversion they experience are class-specific, according to the volume of capital they can access, so that the 'purest' pleasures, Bourdieu affirms, are rooted in these ____ conditioned experiences.

In other words, for Bourdieu, from the beginning of life, every experience is already conditioned by the world outside, and this influence manifests itself in literary ____ too.

Pre-Consumer ____ is "waste" that is generated by the industrial processes used to make the products or packaging that we buy as consumers.

This is manufacturing "____" and is typically very clean, of consistent quality and comprises only a single material.

Examples are: offcuts from making aluminium cans; cardboard boxes or clothing; trimmings from preparing vegetables; or wood or textile offcuts ____ making furniture.

Such "waste" was in the past often sent for ____, but increasingly producers are recycling their internal "waste" to save money by turning unwanted trimmings or offcuts back into useable raw materials.

To send ____ materials for disposal is not only poor financial practice by the producer, from an environmental perspective it is criminal.

These are good-quality, clean and easily collectable materials that just happen to be in the wrong form; so ____ or recover them!

The autonomy granted to the individual in terms of free speech can be both individual (understood purely from the ____ point of view) and relational in nature.

The individual's speech must be protected in order to allow them to ____ develop their personality.

This is important, even bearing in mind that this development is only ____ in social life, which means in relation to and possibly in cooperation with others.

Relational ____, however, also takes the interests of the audience of the speech into account.

Speech can ____ limit the autonomy of others, for example in the case of defamation, invasion of privacy, or hate speech that hurts certain community.

European legal systems also ____ the latter aspect into account when setting the limits of freedom of expression.

They restrict freedom of expression in the interests of the autonomy of those affected by the speech, in order to ensure the peace and ____ of social coexistence.

The belief that vision is important to driving safely is the reason why measurements of visual capability are an ____ part of the test for issuing a driving licence in most countries.

Despite these requirements, ____ to find a link between simple visual functions such as visual sharpness and the accident record of drivers have proved largely fruitless.

This may be because ____ with worse visual capabilities are aware of their abilities and drive within them.

Alternatively, it may be that the visual ____ measured are too simple.

The fact is the drivers' task is a complex one, involving both ____ and cognitive factors.

Within a very limited time, the driver has to interpret ____ is likely to happen on the road ahead.

To do this, the driver has developed a series of expectations of other ____' behaviour and of what are the appropriate locations to examine.

The driver will be faced with objects of different degrees of visibility and noticeability and will have to make judgements for ____ the visual system is not always well suited.

Mathematics can be considered a ____ language, but most of it is explicitly taught.

However, it is suggested that some aspects of mathematical knowledge ____ be innate and present from birth: for example, the ability to discern between different quantities (i.e. large versus small), while understanding of the relationships and associations between numbers are predominantly learnt.

Although mathematics ____ be considered a universal language, there are distinct language and cultural differences in how counting systems are used.

For example, in English, words like 'eleven' and 'twelve' do ____ directly reflect the values that they stand for, 10+1 and 10+2.

____, in Chinese, the number system is very logical, with words that directly reflect the values that are used.

For example, the number 20 in Chinese, ershi, literally ____ as 'two-ten'.

But it is not only the linguistic representation of numbers that differs; the ____ systems used also differ.

Although the decimal system predominates today, other counting ____ have been developed over time, for example, the Mayan numeral system used a base 20 system.

When we practice, we want to strengthen the synapses relaying information on how to play something correctly, while weakening those that send ____ messages.

To understand how this works, think of a leaky hose that ____ many holes in it.

Some of the water will go through the hose and out the ____, but a lot of it will leak out the holes.

This is ____ your brain is like when you first start to learn something: the water running out the holes is all the erroneous information your brain is sending to your fingers, lips, etc.

Once you plug the holes in the hose, all the water goes then out the nozzle; in your brain, this is analogous to the ____ relaying the correct messages being much stronger than those sending incorrect messages.

The brain accomplishes this through changing the ____ of the synapse to make it easier for the correct neurons to communicate.

A common ____ in neuroscience is "neurons that fire together wire together," meaning neurons that communicate with each other often change their structure to make that communication easier.

New ____ University's Leif D. Nelson and Tom Meyvis explored a surprising phenomenon in a 2008 study.

The researchers ____ participants who were told they would be reviewing a massage cushion.

Participants were split ____ two groups. The first group used the device for three minutes (180 seconds) without a break.

The second group used the ____ cushion for two periods of 80 seconds, with a 20-second break between sessions.

Afterwards, ____ were asked to rate their enjoyment of the massage on a nine-point scale (one = not pleasant; nine = extremely pleasant).

Those who had a ____ massage gave an average rating of 6.05 out of 9.

However, those forced to take a 20-second break during their ____ gave a rating of 7.05 ─ that's a 17% improvement in satisfaction.

At first glance, that's counter-intuitive. The group who had the ____ massage enjoyed it more.

But the theory is that the ____ in pleasure prevents us from becoming too familiar with the positive experience and thus noticing it less ─ a process called habituation.

Flashback to 50,000 years ago on the ____, and you are dragging an antelope back to the village.

Let us just say it has cost you, metabolically speaking, 2,000 calories to stalk, chase and bring ____ the antelope.

When ____ get back to the village, you would clearly have to consume at least 2,000 calories to recover your expenditure.

But there is no guarantee that you ____ successfully get an antelope the next time out, so if you ONLY ate to your metabolic need, you wouldn't survive very long.

That is when the hedonic ____ of the brain, which governs the feeling of reward kicks in, driving you to eat more.

But how do you get past the mechanical difficulty of a stomach packed full with 2,000 calories of ____?

Your brain becomes more picky, it ____ to desire foods that are more calorically dense and more calorically available, which are going to be foods high in free sugars and fat.

What ____ are high in free sugars and fat? Desserts.

Your dessert stomach is an evolutionary leftover from your days in the Serengeti, to make sure that even when full, you were still desiring the right types of foods to ensure you were able to maximize your caloric intake at every ____, because there was never a guarantee of when the next meal would arrive.

It kept us ____ in regular feast-famine cycles, but has become toxic for many of us in the feast-feast environment of today.