2025년 10월 고2 모의고사 변형문제 (31-42번)

Statistics in ____ twentieth century became the systematic collection of quantitative information needed by the state.

This process occurred ____ all the industrialised countries as a key part of their becoming modern states.

Desrosieres writes: "It is difficult to think simultaneously that the objects being ____ really do exist and that this is only a convention".

Yet this is the case. Phenomena such as prices being charged and products being sold exist, but the categories and classification frameworks ____ the collection, aggregation, and organisation of official statistics are devised to serve the purposes of the state, for macroeconomic or for social policies.

Theodore Porter described the use of statistics to create state authority: "Quantification is a way of ____ decisions without seeming to decide", characterising it as a "social technology" intended to build trust in authority.

Just as an expert in the taste and colour of wine will gain much by being aware of the chemistry that underlies those qualities, so each perspective ____ the body can potentially enhance the others.

And yet every scientific tool, from microscopes to mathematics, and every aspect of the body, ____ the brain to the microorganism, requires such depth of expertise that this tends not to happen: we tend to study the human body in silos, each community sectioned from the others by its own specialised vocabulary.

Research communities may be dedicated to one type of scientific tool or a specific component of the body, such as one ____ of cell.

How different types of ____ communicate with one another becomes its own specialist topic.

Even simple forms of ____ on Earth are now rarely studied as a whole, and the human body is evidently much more complex.

As long ago as 1890, The Times ____ commented that knowledge 'had already become too vast to be manageable'.

Today, nobody is an expert in the whole of ____

Historically, palaces weren't just homes; they were carefully constructed stages designed to impress ____ intimidate.

While stone symbolized permanence and strength, glass ____ something equally powerful: visibility.

The introduction of large windows in palaces allowed rulers to literally look down upon their subjects, emphasizing their elevated ____

Conversely, it also allowed subjects to gaze up at their leaders, creating a sense of awe ____ distance.

Consider the Palace of Versailles: its Hall of Mirrors, lined with reflective surfaces, not only magnified the grandeur of ____ space but also placed the king at the center of a dazzling display, reinforcing his absolute authority.

The use of glass in palaces wasn't merely aesthetic; ____ was strategic.

Open ____ allowed for better surveillance and control, ensuring the safety and security of the ruling family.

Courtiers and visitors were constantly aware ____ being observed, contributing to an atmosphere of careful obedience and respect.

____ very architecture dictated social behavior, with glass acting as a silent enforcer of the power dynamic.

As a political researcher in Germany, Noelle­Neumann observed that during election campaigns, certain views seemed to get more play than others, and sometimes people muted their opinions rather than ____ about them, especially if those opinions were perceived to be unpopular.

____ calls this the spiral of silence.

The spiral of silence occurs when individuals who perceive that their opinions are popular express ____ whereas those who do not think their opinions are popular remain quiet.

This process occurs in a spiral, so that one side of an issue ends up with considerable publicity and the other side with ____ little.

In everyday life, people express their opinions in a variety of ways: they talk about them, they wear ____ they put bumper stickers on their cars, and they post their views on social media.

According to this theory, people are more apt to do these kinds of things ____ they perceive that others share their opinions.

Consider units of measure, one ____ of descriptive device we are familiar with using in physics.

____ distances can be given in terms of feet or meters or some other unit, and the physics will be the same regardless.

We conclude from this that physics does not prefer one unit of length over any other, and ____ may choose any one we like for reasons of convenience.

We further conclude that any feature depending on that choice, such as the particular numerical value assigned to the spatial separation between two locations, is not out ____ in the world apart from a choice of unit.

Temperatures can likewise be given in terms of the Fahrenheit or Celsius or Kelvin scale, and nothing in the physics changes when we switch from one scale ____ another.

We conclude that the choice of scale is an arbitrary ____ in description, and that any feature that depends on that choice is scale-dependent.

Even though sea creatures live in it, they still need ____ take in water for their bodies to function properly.

They ____ need to get rid of any extra salt it might bring with it.

Salt absorbs ____ like a sponge.

____ you put a tiny mountain of salt on a small plate, then add enough water to the side, making sure an edge touches the salt, the salt will absorb the water.

Now you have a pile of wet salt. Notice that it has increased ____ size.

The same principle applies to ____ creatures.

If the body fluids in a sea animal are saltier than the seawater it lives in, then the extra salt in the creature's ____ will absorb seawater.

This can cause them to ____ up.

____ the other hand, if the amount of salt in the seawater is higher than the amount of salt in the body fluids of a sea animal, the extra salt in the water will draw fluids out of the creature's body, causing it to dehydrate and shrink.

Distinguishing moths from butterflies on outward appearance is not always easy, but there are a few rules of ____ that can help.

In most butterflies the antennae end with a small club-shaped swelling, whereas in moths ____ are usually feathery or narrow to a fine tip.

Butterflies tend to rest with their wings held shut above their body, whereas moths more usually rest ____ the upper sides of the wings on full view.

Further distinctions can be made by looking for a tiny hook that joins fore- and hindwings, a feature only ____ in moths.

The stereotypical differences, with moths cast as the gloomy, nocturnal cousins of colourful ____ butterflies are simply wrong.

There are many brightly ____ moths and many which are active throughout the day.

Equally, there are a few nocturnal butterflies and plenty that come ____ in shades of brown and grey.

It's more sensible to think of them together; ____ butterflies and moths are beautiful and fascinating insects.

There are numerous ways wildlife is managed, ____ they all imply stewardship and can be classified into two broad categories: active management and inactive management.

Active management does something to the population ― such as ____ or decreasing its size ― in a direct manner through strategies like trans-locations or hunting, respectively.

Populations can also be actively managed by altering the habitat to the benefit ____ disadvantage of a population.

If population numbers are too low for the goal of management agencies, other active management can be ____ such as predator control to minimize neonatal deaths or habitat improvement to provide required cover for neonates from predators.

These ____ represent active approaches to management.

Other populations may not be actively managed, like those in ____ parks.

In such situations, management activities minimize external influences on populations and habitat, which often involves management of ____ and not animals.

Waste has historically been seen as a necessary driver ____ the economy.

Sales are tied to the amount ____ a product supplied, which is directly dependent on the demand for that product.

Therefore, ____ you design the product to eventually be wasted, you can ensure that the demand for more products will be sustained.

Many strategies have been incorporated into product design and use to ____ that waste is inevitable, such as planned obsolescence, limited access to tools for repairs, and use of cheap materials.

____ these strategies ensure that the consumer will have limited access to the product in use and will eventually require a replacement.

Those who supported the idea that waste is ____ to drive demand failed to realize that prioritizing the elimination of waste via repair and remanufacturing creates a different kind of demand: products as a service.

Through this setup, companies simply ____ out products that were once sold directly to the customer.

With this transition of ownership, companies maintain profit by offering maintenance and repair services and are ____ to develop long-lasting products.

Viewing time as a purchasable and consistent ____ cemented artificial views on time into our psyche, but every now and again we are forced to acknowledge this mistake.

On twenty-six occasions in the last fifty years, a second has been added to everyone's ____ to adjust for the Earth wobbling and the rate of its spin changing.

For instance, when El Nino, a climatic system in the Pacific, causes wind speed to change dramatically, it can slow the rotation of the ____ slightly.

Indeed, ____ Earth's spin is generally slowing because the moon's gravity is acting as a drag, so days are getting longer by about 1.7 milliseconds per century.

Such events disturb the similarity between man-made time and more flexible time based on the Earth's ____ occurring rotation.

When events like ____ happen, a bunch of humans make the decision to add a small slice of time to your day, without your knowledge.

We try to force our fixed, man-made view of time on to nature in the false hope that it will ____

It doesn't. Humans, who have long viewed that time is stable, have continuously made modifications, sticking to their belief that their efforts can eliminate the gap between man-made time and natural ____

When your hand is hanging at your side and then you lift it, ____ muscles on your upper arm shorten and lengthen ― contract and relax ― to bend the elbow.

Biceps contract, and ____ relax.

Reversing the motion, when you drop your hand back down, muscles ____ roles.

____ contract, and biceps relax.

Lift your hand or drop it, and muscle ____ what it is: a system of coordination, managed by orchestrated tension.

As arms and ____ rotate around joints, muscles activate and deactivate, contract and relax.

All physical activity is paradoxical, in this sense: Movement depends on what muscles don't ____ as much as it depends on what they do.

Both are necessary, each in its time ― and the same is true of each side of ____ pairs of concepts shaping how we talk of muscles.

____ with nature versus nurture: Some people are stronger or more muscular than others; is the difference inborn, or does it depend on what people do?

To ____ latter question: What do you do?

Do you have to ____ weights, or is walking enough exercise?

How should you do ____ exercise? Should you move fast or slowly?

____ heavy weights or lighter ones?

Put like that, basic questions about muscle may ____ like they have one right answer.

Oppositions can polarize. ____ where muscle is concerned, few oppositions are true polarities.

Look closely, and most prove to ____ paradoxes.

Born and made, heavy and light, fast and slow: Those ____ actually require each other.