2025년 10월 고2 모의고사 변형문제 (31-42번)

Statistics in the ____ century became the systematic collection of quantitative information needed by the state.

This process occurred in all the industrialised countries as a key ____ of their becoming modern states.

Desrosieres writes: "It is difficult to think simultaneously that the objects ____ measured really do exist and that this is only a convention".

Yet this is the case. Phenomena such as prices being charged and ____ being sold exist, but the categories and classification frameworks supporting the collection, aggregation, and organisation of official statistics are devised to serve the purposes of the state, for macroeconomic or for social policies.

Theodore Porter described the use of statistics to create state authority: "Quantification is a way of making decisions without ____ to decide", characterising it as a "social technology" intended to build trust in authority.

Just as an expert in the taste and colour of wine will gain much by being aware of the ____ that underlies those qualities, so each perspective on the body can potentially enhance the others.

And yet every scientific tool, from microscopes to mathematics, and every aspect of the body, from the brain to the microorganism, requires such depth of expertise that this tends not to happen: we tend to study the human body in silos, each community sectioned from the others by its ____ specialised vocabulary.

Research communities may be dedicated to one type of scientific ____ or a specific component of the body, such as one type of cell.

How different types of cell communicate with one another becomes ____ own specialist topic.

Even simple ____ of life on Earth are now rarely studied as a whole, and the human body is evidently much more complex.

As ____ ago as 1890, The Times newspaper commented that knowledge 'had already become too vast to be manageable'.

Today, nobody is an expert in the ____ of anything.

Historically, palaces weren't ____ homes; they were carefully constructed stages designed to impress and intimidate.

While stone symbolized permanence and strength, glass offered ____ equally powerful: visibility.

The introduction of large windows in palaces allowed rulers to literally look ____ upon their subjects, emphasizing their elevated position.

Conversely, it also allowed subjects to gaze up at their leaders, creating a sense of awe and ____.

Consider the Palace of Versailles: its Hall of Mirrors, lined with reflective surfaces, not only magnified the ____ of the space but also placed the king at the center of a dazzling display, reinforcing his absolute authority.

The use of glass in palaces wasn't merely ____; it was strategic.

____ sightlines allowed for better surveillance and control, ensuring the safety and security of the ruling family.

Courtiers and visitors were constantly aware of ____ observed, contributing to an atmosphere of careful obedience and respect.

The very architecture dictated ____ behavior, with glass acting as a silent enforcer of the power dynamic.

As a ____ researcher in Germany, Noelle­Neumann observed that during election campaigns, certain views seemed to get more play than others, and sometimes people muted their opinions rather than talking about them, especially if those opinions were perceived to be unpopular.

Noelle­Neumann calls this the ____ of silence.

The spiral of silence occurs when individuals who perceive that their opinions are popular express them, whereas those who do not think their opinions are ____ remain quiet.

This process occurs in a spiral, so that ____ side of an issue ends up with considerable publicity and the other side with very little.

In everyday life, people express their opinions in a variety of ways: they talk about them, they wear buttons, they put bumper stickers on their ____, and they post their views on social media.

According to this theory, people are more apt to do these kinds of things ____ they perceive that others share their opinions.

Consider units of measure, ____ kind of descriptive device we are familiar with using in physics.

Spatial distances ____ be given in terms of feet or meters or some other unit, and the physics will be the same regardless.

We conclude from this that physics does not prefer one ____ of length over any other, and we may choose any one we like for reasons of convenience.

We further conclude that ____ feature depending on that choice, such as the particular numerical value assigned to the spatial separation between two locations, is not out there in the world apart from a choice of unit.

Temperatures can likewise be ____ in terms of the Fahrenheit or Celsius or Kelvin scale, and nothing in the physics changes when we switch from one scale to another.

We conclude that the ____ of scale is an arbitrary choice in description, and that any feature that depends on that choice is scale-dependent.

Even though sea creatures ____ in it, they still need to take in water for their bodies to function properly.

They ____ need to get rid of any extra salt it might bring with it.

Salt absorbs ____ like a sponge.

If you put a tiny mountain of salt on a small plate, then add enough water to the side, making ____ an edge touches the salt, the salt will absorb the water.

Now you ____ a pile of wet salt. Notice that it has increased in size.

The same principle applies to sea ____.

If the body fluids in a sea animal are saltier than the seawater it lives in, then the extra salt in the creature's body will absorb ____.

This can cause them to ____ up.

On the other ____, if the amount of salt in the seawater is higher than the amount of salt in the body fluids of a sea animal, the extra salt in the water will draw fluids out of the creature's body, causing it to dehydrate and shrink.

Distinguishing moths from ____ on outward appearance is not always easy, but there are a few rules of thumb that can help.

In ____ butterflies the antennae end with a small club-shaped swelling, whereas in moths they are usually feathery or narrow to a fine tip.

Butterflies tend to ____ with their wings held shut above their body, whereas moths more usually rest with the upper sides of the wings on full view.

Further distinctions can be made by looking for a tiny hook that ____ fore- and hindwings, a feature only present in moths.

The stereotypical differences, with moths cast as the gloomy, nocturnal cousins of colourful sun-loving ____ are simply wrong.

There are many brightly coloured moths and many which are ____ throughout the day.

Equally, ____ are a few nocturnal butterflies and plenty that come clothed in shades of brown and grey.

It's more ____ to think of them together; both butterflies and moths are beautiful and fascinating insects.

There are numerous ways ____ is managed, but they all imply stewardship and can be classified into two broad categories: active management and inactive management.

Active management does something to the population ― such as increasing or decreasing its size ― in a direct ____ through strategies like trans-locations or hunting, respectively.

Populations can also be actively managed by altering the habitat to the benefit or ____ of a population.

If population numbers are too low for the goal of management agencies, other active management ____ be incorporated, such as predator control to minimize neonatal deaths or habitat improvement to provide required cover for neonates from predators.

These efforts represent ____ approaches to management.

Other populations may not be actively managed, like those in ____ parks.

In such situations, management activities minimize external influences on populations and habitat, which often involves management of humans and not ____.

Waste has historically been seen as a necessary ____ of the economy.

Sales are tied to the amount of a product ____, which is directly dependent on the demand for that product.

Therefore, if you design the product to eventually be ____, you can ensure that the demand for more products will be sustained.

Many strategies have been incorporated into product design and use to ____ that waste is inevitable, such as planned obsolescence, limited access to tools for repairs, and use of cheap materials.

____ these strategies ensure that the consumer will have limited access to the product in use and will eventually require a replacement.

Those who supported the idea that ____ is necessary to drive demand failed to realize that prioritizing the elimination of waste via repair and remanufacturing creates a different kind of demand: products as a service.

Through this setup, companies simply lease out ____ that were once sold directly to the customer.

With this transition of ownership, companies maintain profit by offering maintenance and repair services and are ____ to develop long-lasting products.

Viewing time as a purchasable and consistent product cemented artificial views on time into our psyche, but every ____ and again we are forced to acknowledge this mistake.

On ____ occasions in the last fifty years, a second has been added to everyone's day to adjust for the Earth wobbling and the rate of its spin changing.

For instance, when El Nino, a climatic system in the Pacific, causes wind ____ to change dramatically, it can slow the rotation of the Earth slightly.

Indeed, the Earth's spin is generally ____ because the moon's gravity is acting as a drag, so days are getting longer by about 1.7 milliseconds per century.

Such events disturb the similarity between man-made time and more ____ time based on the Earth's naturally occurring rotation.

When events like this happen, a bunch of humans make the ____ to add a small slice of time to your day, without your knowledge.

We try to force our fixed, man-made view of time on to nature in the false hope that it ____ yield.

It doesn't. Humans, ____ have long viewed that time is stable, have continuously made modifications, sticking to their belief that their efforts can eliminate the gap between man-made time and natural time.

When your hand is hanging at your side and then you lift it, opposing muscles on your upper arm ____ and lengthen ― contract and relax ― to bend the elbow.

Biceps contract, and ____ relax.

Reversing the motion, when ____ drop your hand back down, muscles reverse roles.

Triceps contract, and ____ relax.

Lift your hand or drop it, and muscle ____ what it is: a system of coordination, managed by orchestrated tension.

As ____ and legs rotate around joints, muscles activate and deactivate, contract and relax.

All physical activity is paradoxical, in this sense: Movement depends on what muscles ____ do, as much as it depends on what they do.

Both are necessary, each in its ____ ― and the same is true of each side of the pairs of concepts shaping how we talk of muscles.

Start with nature versus nurture: Some people are stronger or more muscular than others; is the difference inborn, or does it ____ on what people do?

To the ____ question: What do you do?

Do you have to lift weights, or is ____ enough exercise?

____ should you do the exercise? Should you move fast or slowly?

Lift heavy weights or lighter ____?

Put like that, basic questions about muscle may sound like they have one ____ answer.

Oppositions can polarize. But ____ muscle is concerned, few oppositions are true polarities.

Look ____, and most prove to be paradoxes.

Born and made, heavy and light, fast and slow: ____ opposites actually require each other.