2025년 10월 고2 모의고사 변형문제 (31-42번)

Statistics in the twentieth century became the systematic collection of ____ information needed by the state.

This process occurred in ____ the industrialised countries as a key part of their becoming modern states.

Desrosieres writes: ____ is difficult to think simultaneously that the objects being measured really do exist and that this is only a convention".

Yet ____ is the case. Phenomena such as prices being charged and products being sold exist, but the categories and classification frameworks supporting the collection, aggregation, and organisation of official statistics are devised to serve the purposes of the state, for macroeconomic or for social policies.

Theodore Porter described the use of statistics to create state authority: "Quantification is a way of making decisions without seeming to decide", characterising ____ as a "social technology" intended to build trust in authority.

Just as an expert in the taste and colour ____ wine will gain much by being aware of the chemistry that underlies those qualities, so each perspective on the body can potentially enhance the others.

And yet every scientific ____ from microscopes to mathematics, and every aspect of the body, from the brain to the microorganism, requires such depth of expertise that this tends not to happen: we tend to study the human body in silos, each community sectioned from the others by its own specialised vocabulary.

Research communities may be dedicated to one type of ____ tool or a specific component of the body, such as one type of cell.

How different types of cell communicate with one another becomes ____ own specialist topic.

Even simple forms of life on Earth are now rarely studied as a whole, and the human body is evidently ____ more complex.

As long ago as 1890, The Times newspaper commented that knowledge 'had already become too ____ to be manageable'.

Today, nobody is an ____ in the whole of anything.

Historically, palaces weren't just ____ they were carefully constructed stages designed to impress and intimidate.

While stone symbolized permanence and strength, glass ____ something equally powerful: visibility.

The introduction of large windows in palaces allowed rulers to literally look ____ upon their subjects, emphasizing their elevated position.

Conversely, it also allowed subjects to gaze up ____ their leaders, creating a sense of awe and distance.

Consider the Palace of Versailles: its Hall of Mirrors, lined with reflective surfaces, not only magnified the grandeur of the space but also placed the king at the ____ of a dazzling display, reinforcing his absolute authority.

The use ____ glass in palaces wasn't merely aesthetic; it was strategic.

Open sightlines allowed for better surveillance and control, ensuring the safety and security ____ the ruling family.

Courtiers and visitors were constantly aware of being observed, contributing ____ an atmosphere of careful obedience and respect.

The very architecture dictated social behavior, with glass acting ____ a silent enforcer of the power dynamic.

As a political researcher in Germany, Noelle­Neumann observed that during election campaigns, ____ views seemed to get more play than others, and sometimes people muted their opinions rather than talking about them, especially if those opinions were perceived to be unpopular.

Noelle­Neumann ____ this the spiral of silence.

The spiral of silence occurs when individuals who perceive that their opinions are popular express them, whereas ____ who do not think their opinions are popular remain quiet.

This ____ occurs in a spiral, so that one side of an issue ends up with considerable publicity and the other side with very little.

In everyday life, people express their ____ in a variety of ways: they talk about them, they wear buttons, they put bumper stickers on their cars, and they post their views on social media.

According to this theory, people are more apt ____ do these kinds of things when they perceive that others share their opinions.

Consider units of measure, one kind of descriptive device we ____ familiar with using in physics.

Spatial distances can be given in terms of feet or meters or some other unit, and the physics will ____ the same regardless.

We ____ from this that physics does not prefer one unit of length over any other, and we may choose any one we like for reasons of convenience.

We further conclude that any feature depending on that choice, such as the particular numerical value assigned to the spatial separation between two locations, is not out there in the world ____ from a choice of unit.

Temperatures can likewise be given in terms of the Fahrenheit or Celsius or Kelvin scale, ____ nothing in the physics changes when we switch from one scale to another.

We conclude that the choice of scale is an arbitrary choice in description, and that any feature that depends on ____ choice is scale-dependent.

____ though sea creatures live in it, they still need to take in water for their bodies to function properly.

They just need to get rid of any extra salt it ____ bring with it.

Salt absorbs water like ____ sponge.

If you put a tiny mountain of salt on a small plate, then add enough water to ____ side, making sure an edge touches the salt, the salt will absorb the water.

Now you have a pile of wet salt. ____ that it has increased in size.

The ____ principle applies to sea creatures.

____ the body fluids in a sea animal are saltier than the seawater it lives in, then the extra salt in the creature's body will absorb seawater.

This can cause them ____ swell up.

On the other hand, ____ the amount of salt in the seawater is higher than the amount of salt in the body fluids of a sea animal, the extra salt in the water will draw fluids out of the creature's body, causing it to dehydrate and shrink.

Distinguishing moths from butterflies on outward appearance is not always easy, but there are a few rules of thumb ____ can help.

____ most butterflies the antennae end with a small club-shaped swelling, whereas in moths they are usually feathery or narrow to a fine tip.

Butterflies tend to rest with their wings held shut above their body, ____ moths more usually rest with the upper sides of the wings on full view.

Further distinctions ____ be made by looking for a tiny hook that joins fore- and hindwings, a feature only present in moths.

The stereotypical differences, with moths cast as the gloomy, nocturnal cousins of colourful sun-loving ____ are simply wrong.

There are many brightly coloured ____ and many which are active throughout the day.

Equally, there are a few nocturnal butterflies and plenty that come clothed in shades of brown ____ grey.

It's more sensible to ____ of them together; both butterflies and moths are beautiful and fascinating insects.

There are numerous ways wildlife is managed, but they all imply stewardship and can be classified into two broad categories: active management and inactive ____

Active management does something to the population ― such as increasing or decreasing its size ― in a direct manner through strategies like ____ or hunting, respectively.

Populations can also be actively managed by altering the habitat to the benefit ____ disadvantage of a population.

If population numbers are too low for ____ goal of management agencies, other active management can be incorporated, such as predator control to minimize neonatal deaths or habitat improvement to provide required cover for neonates from predators.

These efforts represent active approaches ____ management.

Other populations may not be actively ____ like those in national parks.

In such situations, management activities ____ external influences on populations and habitat, which often involves management of humans and not animals.

Waste has historically been seen as a necessary driver of the ____

Sales are tied to the amount of a ____ supplied, which is directly dependent on the demand for that product.

Therefore, if you design the product to eventually be wasted, ____ can ensure that the demand for more products will be sustained.

Many strategies have been incorporated into product design and ____ to ensure that waste is inevitable, such as planned obsolescence, limited access to tools for repairs, and use of cheap materials.

All these strategies ensure that the consumer will have limited access to the product in use ____ will eventually require a replacement.

Those who supported the idea that waste is necessary ____ drive demand failed to realize that prioritizing the elimination of waste via repair and remanufacturing creates a different kind of demand: products as a service.

Through this ____ companies simply lease out products that were once sold directly to the customer.

With this transition of ownership, companies maintain profit by offering maintenance and repair services and ____ encouraged to develop long-lasting products.

Viewing time as a purchasable and consistent product cemented artificial views on time into our psyche, ____ every now and again we are forced to acknowledge this mistake.

On twenty-six ____ in the last fifty years, a second has been added to everyone's day to adjust for the Earth wobbling and the rate of its spin changing.

____ instance, when El Nino, a climatic system in the Pacific, causes wind speed to change dramatically, it can slow the rotation of the Earth slightly.

Indeed, the ____ spin is generally slowing because the moon's gravity is acting as a drag, so days are getting longer by about 1.7 milliseconds per century.

Such events disturb the similarity between man-made time and more ____ time based on the Earth's naturally occurring rotation.

When events like this happen, a bunch of humans make the decision to add a small slice of time to your day, without your ____

We ____ to force our fixed, man-made view of time on to nature in the false hope that it will yield.

It doesn't. ____ who have long viewed that time is stable, have continuously made modifications, sticking to their belief that their efforts can eliminate the gap between man-made time and natural time.

When your hand is hanging at your side and then you ____ it, opposing muscles on your upper arm shorten and lengthen ― contract and relax ― to bend the elbow.

Biceps contract, ____ triceps relax.

Reversing the motion, when you drop ____ hand back down, muscles reverse roles.

____ contract, and biceps relax.

Lift your hand ____ drop it, and muscle shows what it is: a system of coordination, managed by orchestrated tension.

As arms and legs ____ around joints, muscles activate and deactivate, contract and relax.

All physical activity is paradoxical, in this sense: Movement depends on what muscles don't do, ____ much as it depends on what they do.

Both are necessary, each in ____ time ― and the same is true of each side of the pairs of concepts shaping how we talk of muscles.

Start with nature versus nurture: Some people are stronger or more muscular than others; is the difference inborn, or does ____ depend on what people do?

____ the latter question: What do you do?

Do you have ____ lift weights, or is walking enough exercise?

How should you do the ____ Should you move fast or slowly?

Lift ____ weights or lighter ones?

Put like that, basic questions about ____ may sound like they have one right answer.

Oppositions can polarize. But where ____ is concerned, few oppositions are true polarities.

Look closely, and most prove ____ be paradoxes.

Born and made, heavy and light, fast and slow: Those ____ actually require each other.