2025년 6월 고1 모의고사 변형 (31-42번)

In everyday life, we use ____ experience to predict where we should pay attention.

Different environments create different ____.

This was ____ illustrated by the scientist Jared Diamond in his book Guns, Germs, and Steel.

He describes an ____ wandering through the New Guinea jungle with native New Guineans.

He relates that these natives tend to perform ____ at tasks Westerners have been trained to do since childhood.

But they are hardly ____.

They can ____ the most subtle changes in the jungle, good for following the tracks of a predator or for finding the way back home.

They know which insects to leave alone, know ____ food exists, can build and tear down shelters with ease.

Diamond, who had never spent time in such places, has no ability to pay attention to ____ things.

Were he to be tested on such tasks, he ____ would perform poorly.

Most entrepreneurs put in tremendous amounts of time and effort in creating and launching new ____ and services and then make the mistake of overpricing them.

They have ____ something they care deeply about, it's theirs, and this powerful sense of ownership distorts their perception of value which causes them to overprice their products.

While many of them are quick to realize that their initial prices are too high, ____ all these people are happy or willing to drop their prices to make their products more attractive.

And this can be a very costly mistake that ____ lead to the failure of their new business.

When you launch a new product or service, your priority should be to get sufficient market adoption as soon as possible and you should be ____ to sacrifice your initial prices and profits to achieve this aim.

Once you have strong sales volumes, you can ____ your prices to maximize your profits.

In ____ respects, humans are one of a relatively small number of species that evolved a very different strategy of investing more energy to reproduce more slowly.

Like apes and elephants, we mature at a leisurely pace, grow large bodies, and have ____ babies but devote much time and energy to raising them well.

This unusual strategy succeeds because while ____ and elephants produce fewer babies than mice, a larger percentage of their offspring survive to then reproduce.

A house mouse can become a ____ when she is just five weeks old, has four to ten pups per litter, and can have a new litter every two months over the course of her approximately twelve-month life.

However, the vast majority of her pups ____ young.

In contrast, a chimp or elephant mother does not reproduce until she is at least twelve years old, and she gives birth to only one infant every five or six years ____ the next thirty or so years.

About half of these offspring ____ it to becoming parents.

When scientists ____ an important new discovery or experimentally prove some hypothesis, they do not, in general, keep that information to themselves so that they alone can consider its meaning and derive additional theories from it.

Instead, they ____ their results and make their data available for inspection.

This makes it possible for other scientists to ____ their data and possibly refute their conclusions.

More important, though, it makes it possible for other scientists to use that data to construct new hypotheses and perform new ____.

The assumption is that society as a ____ will end up knowing more if information is spread as widely as possible, rather than being limited to a few people.

In a strict ____, every scientist depends on the work of other scientists.

In the 1930s, the British psychologist Sir Frederic Bartlett asked people to listen to folktales from other countries and ____ recall these stories at a later date.

As you might guess, ____ stories were not remembered as well as familiar stories.

Surprisingly, however, errors in ____ were not random.

Rather, subjects often rewrote similar ____ of the stories in their own minds ─ particularly the parts that made the least sense to them.

Bartlett concluded that when facing problems, humans draw upon mental schemata, or ____ of stored knowledge in our brains, to fill in any minor gaps in our memories.

Therefore, remembering is an imaginative process that involves building ____ past experiences.

____, people often say, repeats itself.

And looking at the historical records of the ancient civilizations, some things do seem to happen again and ____.

Civilizations expand, get overextended, and then collapse as in the cases of Rome, which ____ under in 476 AD, and the British Empire, which fell apart more than a thousand years later in the post‐World War II era.

But is this always the ____?

If so, archaeology would be pretty boring; one thing ____ happen again and again.

But that's not what ____ see.

Some civilizations ____ suddenly, like the Aztec and Inca, conquered by invaders in the 1520s AD.

Those empires never had the ____ to collapse as a result of overexpansion.

So in the case of civilizations, "history repeats itself" seems to be an ____.

Stanford psychology professor Dr. Carol Dweck is the internationally recognized ____ of the concept of "growth mindset" as a way to continually grow, learn, and persevere in our efforts.

Dweck found that kids who are told ____ "smart" actually underperform in future tasks, by choosing easier tasks to avoid evidence that they are not smart, which Dweck calls having a "fixed mindset."

In contrast, Dweck found, kids who are praised not for their smarts but for their effort ____ what Dweck calls a "growth mindset."

They learn that their effort is what ____ to their success, and if they continue to try, over time they'll improve and achieve more things.

These ____ end up taking on tougher things, and feel better about themselves.

"Emphasizing effort gives a child a variable that they can control," Dweck has ____.

To monitor our surroundings is to focus on what's outside of ourselves: what we see, hear, smell, feel, and perhaps even ____.

But sometimes what really marks a ____ is something less specific ─ a feeling within us.

An interesting example emerged from a study of subway passenger ____.

Researchers trying to understand why ____ sit where they sit or stand where they stand in subway and metro trains examined the factors that shape the way riders used and navigated that space in different situations.

One of their findings involved the reasons many riders like to plant ____ close to the train's doors.

Partly this was the obvious convenience of being able to exit ____ quickly.

But it was shaped partly by a more ____ sensation ─ the desire to avoid the sometimes uncomfortable feeling of accidentally making eye contact with seated passengers.

We ____ see feelings ─ but they're very real, and they influence our experience of the world.

We have a 'diving reflex', like other marine ____.

This means that special nerve endings on our faces, around the mouth and nose, trigger this ____ only when the facial region goes under water.

If we are in the water, with our head out in the ____, there is no diving reflex.

But if we sink just our face in a bowl of water, while the whole of the rest of our body is in the dry air, the ____ reflex is triggered.

It automatically closes down the ____, reducing the risk of swallowing water, and it narrows the small air-passages in the lungs.

At the same time the heart ____ is slowed down to half speed and blood is shunted to the vital organs, protecting them from the effects of the brief stop in breathing.

By contrast, if a chimpanzee or a gorilla found itself in water with its face below the surface, it would ____, its heart would race and it would quickly drown.

____ is a natural assumption of truth, or a truth bias when humans communicate with one another.

In other words, when we're listening to ____ or reading their words, our automatic assumption is that the other person is telling the truth.

This usually works ____ fine.

If you ask someone where the restroom is located or if it's raining outside, you can safely ____ that most people will not lie in their responses.

Imagine how difficult it would be to converse with ____ if you assumed that everything they were telling you was false!

Indeed, questioning the truth of a statement and ____ choosing not to believe it requires additional mental steps.

For the most part, humans are "cognitive misers," which means we typically don't expend more mental effort than seems necessary in a ____ situation.

It makes sense then, that when we see something online, ____ if it is fake, our default is to believe it, at least at first.

We humans are unlikely to ____ the truth of information we receive, due to our tendency to save mental effort.

Paying with plastic fundamentally changes the way we spend money, altering the ____ of our financial decisions.

When you buy something with cash, the purchase ____ an actual loss ─ your wallet is literally lighter.

____ cards, however, make the purchase abstract, so that you don't really feel the downside of spending money.

Brainimaging experiments suggest that paying with credit cards ____ reduces activity in the insula, a brain region associated with negative feelings.

As George Loewenstein, a neuroeconomist at Carnegie Mellon, says, "The nature of credit cards ensures that your brain is ____ against the pain of payment."

Spending ____ doesn't feel bad, so you spend more money.

Consider this ____:

Drazen Prelec and Duncan Simester, ____ business professors at MIT, organized a reallife, sealed-bid auction for tickets to a Boston Celtics game.

Half the participants in the auction were informed that they had to pay with cash; the other half were told they had to ____ with credit cards.

Prelec and Simester then averaged the bids for the two ____ groups.

It turns out that the average credit card bid was twice as ____ as the average cash bid.

When people used their ____ cards, their bids were much more careless.

They no ____ felt the need to limit their expenses.