2025년 6월 고1 모의고사 변형 (31-42번)

In everyday life, we use previous ____ to predict where we should pay attention.

Different ____ create different expectations.

This was profoundly illustrated by the scientist Jared Diamond in his book Guns, ____ and Steel.

He describes an adventure wandering through the New Guinea ____ with native New Guineans.

He relates that these natives tend to perform poorly at tasks Westerners have been ____ to do since childhood.

But they are hardly ____

They can detect the most subtle changes in the jungle, good for following ____ tracks of a predator or for finding the way back home.

They know which insects to leave alone, know where food exists, can build and ____ down shelters with ease.

Diamond, who had never spent time in such places, has no ____ to pay attention to these things.

____ he to be tested on such tasks, he also would perform poorly.

Most entrepreneurs put in tremendous amounts of time and effort in creating and launching new products and services and ____ make the mistake of overpricing them.

They have created something they care deeply about, it's theirs, and this powerful sense of ownership distorts their perception ____ value which causes them to overprice their products.

While many of them are quick to realize that their initial prices are too high, not all these people are ____ or willing to drop their prices to make their products more attractive.

And this can be ____ very costly mistake that may lead to the failure of their new business.

When you launch a new product or service, your priority should be to get sufficient market adoption as soon as possible and ____ should be ready to sacrifice your initial prices and profits to achieve this aim.

Once you have strong sales volumes, you can increase ____ prices to maximize your profits.

In most respects, humans are one of a relatively small number of species ____ evolved a very different strategy of investing more energy to reproduce more slowly.

Like apes and elephants, we mature at a ____ pace, grow large bodies, and have few babies but devote much time and energy to raising them well.

This unusual strategy succeeds because while apes and elephants produce fewer babies than mice, a larger percentage of their offspring survive to ____ reproduce.

A house mouse can become a mother when she is just five weeks old, has four to ten pups per litter, and can have ____ new litter every two months over the course of her approximately twelve-month life.

However, ____ vast majority of her pups die young.

In contrast, ____ chimp or elephant mother does not reproduce until she is at least twelve years old, and she gives birth to only one infant every five or six years over the next thirty or so years.

About half of these ____ make it to becoming parents.

When scientists make an important new discovery or experimentally prove some hypothesis, they do not, in general, keep ____ information to themselves so that they alone can consider its meaning and derive additional theories from it.

Instead, they publish ____ results and make their data available for inspection.

This makes it possible for other scientists to reconsider their data and possibly refute ____ conclusions.

More important, though, it makes it possible for other scientists to use that data to construct new hypotheses and perform new ____

The assumption is that society as a whole will end up knowing more ____ information is spread as widely as possible, rather than being limited to a few people.

In a strict sense, every scientist depends on the ____ of other scientists.

In the 1930s, the British psychologist Sir Frederic Bartlett asked people to listen to folktales from other ____ and then recall these stories at a later date.

As you might guess, unfamiliar stories were not remembered as ____ as familiar stories.

Surprisingly, however, errors in memory were ____ random.

Rather, subjects ____ rewrote similar parts of the stories in their own minds ─ particularly the parts that made the least sense to them.

Bartlett concluded that when facing problems, humans draw upon mental schemata, or shelves of stored knowledge ____ our brains, to fill in any minor gaps in our memories.

Therefore, remembering is an imaginative process that involves building ____ past experiences.

History, people often ____ repeats itself.

And looking at the historical records of the ____ civilizations, some things do seem to happen again and again.

Civilizations expand, ____ overextended, and then collapse as in the cases of Rome, which went under in 476 AD, and the British Empire, which fell apart more than a thousand years later in the post‐World War II era.

____ is this always the case?

If so, archaeology would be pretty boring; one thing ____ happen again and again.

But that's not what archaeologists ____

Some civilizations end suddenly, like the Aztec and Inca, conquered by invaders in the 1520s ____

____ empires never had the chance to collapse as a result of overexpansion.

So in the case of civilizations, "history repeats itself" seems to be an ____

Stanford psychology professor Dr. Carol Dweck is the internationally recognized pioneer of the concept ____ "growth mindset" as a way to continually grow, learn, and persevere in our efforts.

Dweck found that kids who are told they're "smart" ____ underperform in future tasks, by choosing easier tasks to avoid evidence that they are not smart, which Dweck calls having a "fixed mindset."

In contrast, Dweck found, kids who are ____ not for their smarts but for their effort develop what Dweck calls a "growth mindset."

They learn that their effort is what led to their success, and if they continue to try, over time they'll ____ and achieve more things.

These kids end up ____ on tougher things, and feel better about themselves.

"Emphasizing effort ____ a child a variable that they can control," Dweck has explained.

To monitor our ____ is to focus on what's outside of ourselves: what we see, hear, smell, feel, and perhaps even taste.

But sometimes what really marks a place is something less specific ─ ____ feeling within us.

An interesting example emerged from ____ study of subway passenger behavior.

Researchers trying to understand why people sit where they sit or stand ____ they stand in subway and metro trains examined the factors that shape the way riders used and navigated that space in different situations.

One of their findings involved the reasons many riders like to plant themselves close to the ____ doors.

Partly this ____ the obvious convenience of being able to exit more quickly.

But it was shaped partly by a more abstract sensation ─ the desire to ____ the sometimes uncomfortable feeling of accidentally making eye contact with seated passengers.

We can't see feelings ─ but they're very real, ____ they influence our experience of the world.

We have a 'diving ____ like other marine mammals.

This means that special nerve endings on our faces, around the mouth and nose, trigger this ____ only when the facial region goes under water.

If we are in the water, with our head out in the ____ there is no diving reflex.

But if we sink just our face in a bowl of water, while the whole of the rest of our body ____ in the dry air, the diving reflex is triggered.

It automatically closes ____ the airway, reducing the risk of swallowing water, and it narrows the small air-passages in the lungs.

At the ____ time the heart rate is slowed down to half speed and blood is shunted to the vital organs, protecting them from the effects of the brief stop in breathing.

By contrast, if a chimpanzee or a gorilla found itself in water with its face below the surface, it would panic, its heart would race and ____ would quickly drown.

____ is a natural assumption of truth, or a truth bias when humans communicate with one another.

In other words, when we're ____ to others or reading their words, our automatic assumption is that the other person is telling the truth.

This usually works out ____

If you ask someone where the restroom is located or if it's raining ____ you can safely assume that most people will not lie in their responses.

Imagine how difficult it would be to converse with someone if you assumed that everything they were telling you ____ false!

Indeed, questioning the truth of ____ statement and then choosing not to believe it requires additional mental steps.

For the most part, humans are "cognitive misers," ____ means we typically don't expend more mental effort than seems necessary in a given situation.

It makes sense then, that when we see something online, even if it is fake, our default is to ____ it, at least at first.

We humans are ____ to doubt the truth of information we receive, due to our tendency to save mental effort.

Paying with plastic fundamentally changes the way we spend ____ altering the calculus of our financial decisions.

When you buy something ____ cash, the purchase involves an actual loss ─ your wallet is literally lighter.

____ cards, however, make the purchase abstract, so that you don't really feel the downside of spending money.

Brainimaging experiments suggest that paying with credit cards actually reduces activity ____ the insula, a brain region associated with negative feelings.

As George Loewenstein, a neuroeconomist at Carnegie ____ says, "The nature of credit cards ensures that your brain is anesthetized against the pain of payment."

Spending money doesn't feel bad, so you ____ more money.

Consider ____ experiment:

Drazen ____ and Duncan Simester, two business professors at MIT, organized a reallife, sealed-bid auction for tickets to a Boston Celtics game.

Half the participants in the auction were informed that they had to pay with cash; the other ____ were told they had to pay with credit cards.

____ and Simester then averaged the bids for the two different groups.

It turns out that the average credit card bid was twice as high as the average ____ bid.

When people used their credit ____ their bids were much more careless.

They no longer ____ the need to limit their expenses.