2025년 6월 고1 모의고사 변형 (31-42번)

In everyday life, we use previous experience to predict where we should pay ____

Different environments create different ____

This was profoundly illustrated by the ____ Jared Diamond in his book Guns, Germs, and Steel.

He describes an adventure wandering through the New ____ jungle with native New Guineans.

He relates that these natives tend to perform poorly ____ tasks Westerners have been trained to do since childhood.

____ they are hardly stupid.

They can detect the most subtle changes in the jungle, good for following the tracks of a ____ or for finding the way back home.

They know which insects to leave alone, know where food ____ can build and tear down shelters with ease.

Diamond, who had never ____ time in such places, has no ability to pay attention to these things.

Were he to be tested on such tasks, ____ also would perform poorly.

Most entrepreneurs put in tremendous ____ of time and effort in creating and launching new products and services and then make the mistake of overpricing them.

They have created something they care deeply about, it's theirs, and this powerful sense of ownership distorts their perception of ____ which causes them to overprice their products.

While many of them are quick to realize that their initial prices are too high, not ____ these people are happy or willing to drop their prices to make their products more attractive.

And this can be ____ very costly mistake that may lead to the failure of their new business.

When you launch a new product or service, your priority should be to get sufficient market adoption as soon as possible and you should be ready to sacrifice your initial prices and profits to achieve this ____

Once you have strong sales volumes, you can increase your ____ to maximize your profits.

In most respects, ____ are one of a relatively small number of species that evolved a very different strategy of investing more energy to reproduce more slowly.

Like apes and elephants, we mature at a leisurely pace, grow large bodies, and have few babies but devote ____ time and energy to raising them well.

This unusual strategy succeeds because while apes and elephants produce fewer babies than mice, a larger percentage of their ____ survive to then reproduce.

A house mouse can become a mother when she ____ just five weeks old, has four to ten pups per litter, and can have a new litter every two months over the course of her approximately twelve-month life.

However, the vast majority of ____ pups die young.

In contrast, a chimp or elephant mother does not reproduce until she is at least twelve years old, and she gives birth ____ only one infant every five or six years over the next thirty or so years.

About half of these offspring make it to becoming ____

When ____ make an important new discovery or experimentally prove some hypothesis, they do not, in general, keep that information to themselves so that they alone can consider its meaning and derive additional theories from it.

Instead, they publish their results and ____ their data available for inspection.

This makes it possible for other ____ to reconsider their data and possibly refute their conclusions.

More important, though, it makes it possible for other scientists ____ use that data to construct new hypotheses and perform new experiments.

The assumption is that society as a whole will end up knowing more if information is spread ____ widely as possible, rather than being limited to a few people.

In a strict sense, every scientist depends on the work ____ other scientists.

In the ____ the British psychologist Sir Frederic Bartlett asked people to listen to folktales from other countries and then recall these stories at a later date.

As you might guess, unfamiliar stories were not remembered as well as ____ stories.

____ however, errors in memory were not random.

Rather, subjects often rewrote similar parts of the stories ____ their own minds ─ particularly the parts that made the least sense to them.

Bartlett concluded that when facing problems, humans draw upon mental schemata, or shelves of stored knowledge in our brains, to fill in ____ minor gaps in our memories.

____ remembering is an imaginative process that involves building upon past experiences.

History, people often say, repeats ____

And looking at the historical ____ of the ancient civilizations, some things do seem to happen again and again.

Civilizations expand, get overextended, and then collapse as in the cases of Rome, which went under in 476 AD, and the British Empire, which fell apart ____ than a thousand years later in the post‐World War II era.

But ____ this always the case?

____ so, archaeology would be pretty boring; one thing would happen again and again.

But that's not ____ archaeologists see.

Some civilizations end suddenly, like the Aztec and Inca, conquered by invaders in ____ 1520s AD.

Those empires never had the chance to collapse as a result ____ overexpansion.

So in the ____ of civilizations, "history repeats itself" seems to be an oversimplification.

Stanford psychology professor Dr. Carol Dweck is the ____ recognized pioneer of the concept of "growth mindset" as a way to continually grow, learn, and persevere in our efforts.

Dweck found that kids who are told they're "smart" ____ underperform in future tasks, by choosing easier tasks to avoid evidence that they are not smart, which Dweck calls having a "fixed mindset."

In contrast, Dweck found, kids who are praised ____ for their smarts but for their effort develop what Dweck calls a "growth mindset."

They learn that their effort ____ what led to their success, and if they continue to try, over time they'll improve and achieve more things.

These kids end up taking ____ tougher things, and feel better about themselves.

"Emphasizing effort gives a child a variable that they ____ control," Dweck has explained.

To monitor our surroundings is to focus on what's ____ of ourselves: what we see, hear, smell, feel, and perhaps even taste.

But sometimes what really marks a place is something less ____ ─ a feeling within us.

An interesting ____ emerged from a study of subway passenger behavior.

Researchers trying to understand why people sit where they ____ or stand where they stand in subway and metro trains examined the factors that shape the way riders used and navigated that space in different situations.

One of their findings involved the reasons many riders like to plant themselves close ____ the train's doors.

Partly this was the obvious convenience of being ____ to exit more quickly.

But it was shaped partly by a more abstract sensation ─ the desire to avoid the sometimes uncomfortable feeling of accidentally making eye contact with seated ____

We can't see feelings ─ but ____ very real, and they influence our experience of the world.

We have ____ 'diving reflex', like other marine mammals.

This means that special nerve endings on our faces, around the mouth and nose, ____ this reflex only when the facial region goes under water.

If we are in the ____ with our head out in the air, there is no diving reflex.

But if we sink just our face ____ a bowl of water, while the whole of the rest of our body is in the dry air, the diving reflex is triggered.

It automatically ____ down the airway, reducing the risk of swallowing water, and it narrows the small air-passages in the lungs.

At the ____ time the heart rate is slowed down to half speed and blood is shunted to the vital organs, protecting them from the effects of the brief stop in breathing.

By contrast, if a chimpanzee or ____ gorilla found itself in water with its face below the surface, it would panic, its heart would race and it would quickly drown.

There is a natural assumption of truth, or a truth ____ when humans communicate with one another.

In other words, when we're listening to others or reading their words, our automatic assumption is that the ____ person is telling the truth.

This usually ____ out fine.

If you ask someone where the restroom is located or if it's raining outside, you can safely assume that most people ____ not lie in their responses.

Imagine how difficult it would be to converse with someone if you ____ that everything they were telling you was false!

Indeed, questioning the truth of ____ statement and then choosing not to believe it requires additional mental steps.

For the most part, ____ are "cognitive misers," which means we typically don't expend more mental effort than seems necessary in a given situation.

It makes sense then, that when we see something ____ even if it is fake, our default is to believe it, at least at first.

We humans are unlikely to doubt the truth of information we receive, due to ____ tendency to save mental effort.

Paying with plastic fundamentally changes the way we spend money, altering the ____ of our financial decisions.

When you buy something with ____ the purchase involves an actual loss ─ your wallet is literally lighter.

Credit ____ however, make the purchase abstract, so that you don't really feel the downside of spending money.

Brainimaging experiments suggest that paying with credit cards actually reduces activity in the insula, a brain region associated ____ negative feelings.

As George Loewenstein, a neuroeconomist at Carnegie Mellon, says, "The nature of credit cards ensures that your brain is anesthetized against the pain of ____

Spending money ____ feel bad, so you spend more money.

____ this experiment:

Drazen Prelec and Duncan Simester, two business professors at MIT, organized a reallife, ____ auction for tickets to a Boston Celtics game.

Half the participants in the auction were informed ____ they had to pay with cash; the other half were told they had to pay with credit cards.

Prelec and Simester then averaged ____ bids for the two different groups.

It turns out that the average credit card bid was twice as high as ____ average cash bid.

When people used their credit cards, their bids were much ____ careless.

They ____ longer felt the need to limit their expenses.