2026년 6월 고2 모의고사 영어 변형문제

The annual Riverdale Science Fair will ____ held on July 18 with the theme “Sustainable Future.”

Although we announced the fair last month, student ____ is still lower than we expected.

Therefore, we would like to encourage more of you ____ take part.

You are invited to present a project, experiment, or model ____ to environmental conservation or renewable energy.

You will have the opportunity to showcase your work for teachers, ____ and local scientists.

If you are interested, ____ submit a brief description of your work by June 25.

We look forward to your ____

Luna went to the bakery to pick up a chocolate cake for her dad’s 70th ____

____ she opened the box, she couldn’t understand what she saw. It was a lemon cake.

Then she noticed ____ message on top.

It ____ “Happy 50th Birthday, Dad!”

Luna said to ____ baker, “I don’t get it. The flavor and the message are wrong.”

She wondered if ____ made a mistake when ordering.

The ____ asked her to wait and walked away.

Moments later, he returned with her cake, explaining they had ____ two similar orders.

Knowing she had chosen a ____ bakery, Luna said, “I see. Well, this looks perfect, even better than I imagined.”

____ can sometimes assume that the whole will be as good as each of its parts.

Suppose, for example, you’re in charge of a startup, and you know that everyone ____ brought on board is productive and efficient.

It might seem logical ____ assume that, as a result, the startup will be productive and efficient, too — but this isn’t necessarily true.

The fallacy of composition fails to allow for how the different “parts” interact with each other — if, for example, your ____ administrator and your highly skilled head of IT each assumes the other is in charge of collating prototype test results, then you have a problem.

Equally, a unit composed of good people ____ still be working on a doomed project, and a project composed of good ideas may lack a stable center.

When assembling a team with a common goal, always check the overall view ____ well as the individuals involved.

Humans excel ____ visual imagery.

Our brains evolved this ability to create an ____ mental picture or model of the world in which we can rehearse forthcoming actions, without the risks or the penalties of doing them in the real world.

There are even hints from brain­imaging studies by Harvard University psychologist Steve Kosslyn showing that your brain uses the same regions to imagine a scene as when you ____ view one.

But ____ has seen to it that such internally generated representations are never as authentic as the real thing.

This is a wise bit of self­restraint ____ your genes’ part.

If your internal model of the world were a perfect substitute, then ____ you felt hungry you could simply imagine yourself at a banquet, consuming a feast.

You would have no incentive ____ find real food and would soon starve to death.

As the Bard said, “You cannot cloy the hungry edge of appetite by ____ imagination of a feast.”

For each objective probability — ____ one percent to 100 percent — we want to know the subjective probability weight.

____ we make decisions, do we treat a one­percent chance just like one percent, or like something else?

Events that could happen but aren’t ____ — low­probability events — can be defined as probabilities up to about 25 percent.

____ events tend to factor more into decisions than they should.

That is, an event that has an objective one­percent chance ____ occurring could subjectively seem like it has a five­percent chance of occurring.

We ____ the likelihood of these low­probability events.

In general, the smaller the probability, the more we ____ its likelihood.

For example, people ____ play the lottery are often optimistic about winning.

However, the odds of a single ticket winning the largest, ____ popular U.S. lotteries are on the order of one in 175 million.

____ of the barriers to trade exist not because of a lack of markets or customers, but because there are major barriers to getting products to market at competitive prices.

Transaction costs are significant for companies ____ not only the straight exchange costs, but also the cost of converting, paying, and hedging funds just to pay for the goods and services.

Having a common currency means that many of those transaction costs disappear and the savings ____ be reinvested back into firms’ productivity and innovation.

Basically, useless costs turn into productive costs — ____ longer­term benefits to the whole economy.

By unifying ____ of the currencies, whole economies benefit and grow more than they would as independents.

____ a common currency provides for a strong economic foundation that all can benefit from.

____ light from even our nearest stellar neighbour takes four years to reach us.

When we look at the stars, we are looking back in time. ____ is an incredible gift.

We can see parts of space, parts of our universe, as they ____ many years ago.

The ____ we can collect light from, the further back in time we can look.

If you look at the bright star Betelgeuse, which glows in ____ Orion constellation, you wind time back more than six hundred years.

Its reddish ____ started its journey to Earth in the Middle Ages.

The ____ in Orion’s belt are even further away.

Their light, familiar to generations of humans, has travelled at least 1,000 years to reach ____

This means we have a chance of understanding the history of the universe because we can see the more distant parts of it as they were in the past, thousands or millions or billions ____ years ago.

Jacob Lawrence was an American painter known for vivid scenes of African­ American history and daily ____

Born in Atlantic City in 1917, he moved to ____ at 13 and studied art at Utopia Children’s Center.

He used bright colors and simplified shapes in his ____

____ Migration Series, widely regarded as Jacob Lawrence’s masterpiece, brought him national recognition.

During World War II, he served in the U.S. Coast Guard and produced many ____ but most of them were lost.

Later, he taught ____ the University of Washington for 16 years.

Throughout his ____ he received honorary degrees from several universities, including Harvard.

Until a few weeks before his death, he continued to explore the lives of African­Americans ____ his painting.

The renowned British philosopher Alfred North Whitehead asserted that “civilization advances by extending the number of operations we can perform without ____ about them.”

Take, for example, the “advance” offered to civilization by the discount coupon, which allows consumers to assume ____ they will receive a reduced purchase price by presenting the coupon.

The extent to which we have learned to operate mechanically on that assumption is ____ in the experience of one automobile­tire company.

Mailed­out coupons that ― because of a printing error ― offered no savings to recipients produced just as much customer response ____ did error­free coupons that offered substantial savings.

The obvious ____ instructive point here is that we expect discount coupons to do double duty.

Not only do we expect them to save us money, we also expect them to save us the time and mental ____ required to think about how to do it.

In today’s world, ____ need the first advantage to handle pocketbook strain; but we need the second advantage to handle something potentially more important ― brain strain.

Usually, innovative ____ products have low price elasticity.

This means ____ high variation in price, an increase as well as a decrease, does not significantly modify demand.

These high­tech products have few substitutes, meaning that ____ costs to switch to another product are high.

Additionally, at the first stage of the technology, buyers — either innovators or ____ — are less sensitive to price than to additional performance; they often have deep pockets or are ready to spend a lot for a new innovative and outstanding product.

For instance, with its new product range, a high­end mobile phone manufacturer is aiming at the ____ of millionaire households with assets of more than $2.5 million; those are customers who are ready to accept the price range the manufacturer has set.

At that stage, the competitors are ____ interested in lowering their price significantly whatsoever, because they are chasing the same categories of customers, not sensitive to price.

Furthermore, the high price of these products is often perceived as a sign ____ quality and reinforces a customer’s confidence in the company.

One easily underappreciated feature of a city street or square is its ____ nature.

The ancient medieval squares in places like Marrakesh and Siena are still places where stuff is sold every day, even if ____ stuff itself has changed over the last five hundred years.

The city square is a fairly future­proof technology, as is the shopping street, even in ____ age of online shopping.

For example, the same physical store that once sold buggy whips and typewriters might now repair damaged phones and ____ bubble tea.

The same infrastructure supports ____ uses.

Jane Jacobs, the great prophet of the city economy, made much of this fact ____ her books, including The Death and Life of Great American Cities and The Nature of Economies.

As she pointed out, the great advantage of a city ____ is its ability to support change in uses, and Jacobs correctly predicted the persistence of the city itself, unlike those who predicted the rise of the Internet would mean the death of the city.

The genomics revolution made it possible to see just how impactful touch is to ____ on a deeper level.

Peering at the genes of Arabidopsis thaliana, a weedy plant in the mustard family and the lab rat of the plant biology world, researchers saw that touch quietly triggered such a dramatic response in their hormones and gene expression that it could substantially inhibit ____ growth.

They stroked the arabidopsis with soft paintbrushes, and then analyzed the ____ genetic responses.

Within thirty ____ of being touched, 10 percent of the plant’s genome was altered.

Clearly, the plant was reorganizing its priorities to deal with the disturbance, and rerouting energy away from the hard work of ____ taller.

Touched multiple times, arabidopsis cut its upward growth rate ____ as much as 30 percent.

____ high price of land in metropolitan areas has implications for the efficient employment of resources.

For example, in New York City, as in many large cities, sidewalk vending carts sell everything ____ hot dogs to ice cream.

Why are these carts so ____ with over 3,000 in New York City alone?

Consider the resources used to supply hot dogs: land, labor, capital, entrepreneurial ability, plus intermediate goods such as hot dogs, ____ and other ingredients.

Which of these do ____ suppose is most expensive in New York City?

Retail space along Madison Avenue rents for an average of $550 a year per square ____

Because operating a hot dog cart ____ about 4 square yards, it could cost as much as $20,000 a year to rent that much commercial space.

Aside from the necessary public ____ however, space on the public sidewalk is free to vendors.

Profit­maximizing ____ vendors substitute public sidewalks for costly commercial space.

The process we go through when we look at a work of art to determine ____ we recognize and can make sense of its content is not just a visual one

It ____ a mental process as well, largely based on the elements within and about the work we can identify and categorize.

As ____ look and think, we may be given clues about what the work means by where it is, when it was made, what culture it came from, who created it, or why it was made.

Any information we can gather helps us understand the work’s context, ____ is, for what historical, social, personal, political, or scientific reasons the work of art was made.

And then, using all the contextual information we have gathered, we interpret the work of art’s content to ____ what it means or symbolizes.

For most animals the struggle to survive takes up ____ their time.

Finding food ____ drink, keeping warm and clean, avoiding predators, migrating and reproducing use up all their energies.

If they do ____ any time to spare, they spend it resting or sleeping.

Only very young animals, under the protection of their parents, have ____ surplus energy to engage in lively bouts of play.

This was ____ true for our early ancestors.

The constant ____ for food would have put heavy demands upon them.

But as they slowly evolved into ____ and more efficient hunters, the situation changed.

The ____ of their success was the development of much greater intelligence.

They used brain not ____ to kill their prey.

At the end of the long hunting era, ____ they turned to farming, they were already enjoying some degree of affluence.

In certain regions, at particular times of year, the prey was sufficiently plentiful and their hunting techniques sufficiently ____ for them to experience a remarkable degree of prosperity.

They had time on ____ hands.

Think about ____ time when you were startled.

Did you come to a sudden stop, freeze all your movements, and hold your breath as you scanned ____ environment for a threat?

All these responses maximize our ability ____ avoid detection, locate the source of possible danger, and prepare to fight or flee.

As sophisticated as language has become, it is still the creation of sound that ____ give away our location to a potential predator.

Because of this, the ____ response results in the inhibition of language in highly stressful and traumatic situations.

Natural selection ____ the evolution of language but conserved the freeze rule.

When the threat passes, we begin to relax and find our voices again, perhaps even to laugh at ____ own reactions.

____ what if we can never relax?

What if our experiences shape our brain ____ be in a constant state of fear?

This ____ with the proper development and integration of neural networks can result in chronic stress and even mental illness.

Video gaming is one of the most studied technologies with ____ to empathy.

Because there have been longstanding concerns about the impact of violent video games ____ youth, much research has been conducted over the last couple of decades on the topic.

While ____ and documenting the impact of video game violence, scientists have formulated credible explanations of how video gaming could affect empathy.

Part of a normal, healthy reaction to witnessing violent events is to feel negative emotions, and to experience physiological arousal that is connected to fear ____ disgust.

With repeated exposure to violent events — such as ____ might happen when a person plays violent video games — this normal reaction might become blunted, a phenomenon known as desensitization.

The ____ step in this problematic process would be having diminished emotional responses to violence, which could also interfere with the ability to recognize and/or to sympathize with others, leading to reduced empathy.

A significant body of work shows an association ____ extensive violent video gaming and reduced empathy in people. *

Realising ____ benefits of differentiation, some brands broadcast their social purpose before they do much actual good.

____ marketers are using social purpose to boost the brand’s reputation, rather than embracing the purpose itself.

Making a real difference with social problems is hard enough; to succeed, it has to follow from an authentic, ____ commitment to the purpose.

Otherwise the mission is just window­dressing, or what we call “purpose­washing” ― similar to green­washing, where purpose­driven ____ serve mainly for publicity purposes.

We end up with what Anand Giridhardas describes in Winners ____ All : “social purpose that just furthers the charade of elites disrupting the old order without giving much back”.

____ brands gain one of the benefits of social purpose, differentiation, but only for a short while.

They lose out on positioning for future ____ and they might even make employees feel worse about working for them.

The brain needs to create a model of a constant pulse ― a schema ― so that we know when the musicians are not conforming ____ it.

This is similar to variations of a melody: ____ need to have a mental representation of what the melody is in order to know ― and appreciate ― when the musician is taking liberties with it.

Metrical extraction, knowing what the pulse is ____ when we expect it to occur, is a crucial part of musical emotion.

Music communicates to us emotionally through ____ violations of expectations.

These violations can occur in any domain ― the domain of pitch, rhythm, ____ and so on ― but occur they must.

Music is organized sound, but the organization has to involve some element ____ the unexpected or it is emotionally flat and robotic.

Too much organization may technically still be music, ____ it would be music that no one wants to listen to.

The brain models anticipated musical patterns, which creates the possibility for emotional impact to arise when musicians ____ these patterns, making music engaging.

____ major consumer of oil is transport.

But consider what has happened over the last 30 years or so to the technology involved ____ producing the internal combustion engine.

Because oil is expensive, car engines today are far more efficient in their consumption of fuel (and ____ less polluting) than they were in 1972.

The cars ____ Asia buys tomorrow will certainly not be anything like those Americans use today.

Americans will not buy today’s cars tomorrow ____

In fact, if the price of oil does rise much further ____ fuel cell technology (which produces energy from water!) will receive yet another momentum.

The big ____ multinationals have already produced the prototype motors ― they are currently racing to try and get prices down and engine performances up.

Their ____ profits depend upon it.

Imagine now if there is a ____ in fuel cell technology.

What would happen ____ oil prices?

They would fall dramatically ― signalling much less demand than supply ― and oil companies and OPEC oil producers would ____ to lose much income.

The fact that this threat is real is driving the producers ____ look for alternative sources of income.

The ‘oil majors’ ____ diversified and are now more energy companies than oil companies these days and the OPEC countries are urgently attempting to develop other industries.