2025년 6월 고1 모의고사 변형 (31-42번)

In everyday life, we use ____ experience to predict where we should pay attention.

Different environments ____ different expectations.

This was ____ illustrated by the scientist Jared Diamond in his book Guns, Germs, and Steel.

He describes an adventure wandering through the ____ Guinea jungle with native New Guineans.

He relates that these natives tend to perform poorly at tasks Westerners have been trained to do ____ childhood.

But they are hardly ____.

They can detect the most subtle ____ in the jungle, good for following the tracks of a predator or for finding the way back home.

They know which insects to leave alone, know where food exists, can build and tear down shelters with ____.

Diamond, who had never spent time in such places, has no ability to ____ attention to these things.

Were he to be tested on such tasks, he also would ____ poorly.

____ entrepreneurs put in tremendous amounts of time and effort in creating and launching new products and services and then make the mistake of overpricing them.

They ____ created something they care deeply about, it's theirs, and this powerful sense of ownership distorts their perception of value which causes them to overprice their products.

While many of them are quick to realize that their initial prices are too high, not all these people are happy or ____ to drop their prices to make their products more attractive.

And this can be a very costly mistake that may lead to the failure of their new ____.

When you launch a new product or service, your priority should be to get sufficient market adoption as soon as possible and you should be ready to sacrifice your ____ prices and profits to achieve this aim.

Once you have strong sales volumes, ____ can increase your prices to maximize your profits.

In most respects, humans are one of a relatively ____ number of species that evolved a very different strategy of investing more energy to reproduce more slowly.

Like apes and elephants, we mature at a leisurely pace, grow large bodies, and have few babies but devote much time and ____ to raising them well.

This unusual strategy succeeds because while apes and elephants produce fewer babies than mice, a ____ percentage of their offspring survive to then reproduce.

A house mouse can ____ a mother when she is just five weeks old, has four to ten pups per litter, and can have a new litter every two months over the course of her approximately twelve-month life.

However, the vast majority of her ____ die young.

In contrast, a chimp or elephant ____ does not reproduce until she is at least twelve years old, and she gives birth to only one infant every five or six years over the next thirty or so years.

About half of ____ offspring make it to becoming parents.

When scientists make an important new discovery or experimentally prove some hypothesis, they do not, in general, keep that information to themselves so that they alone can consider its meaning and ____ additional theories from it.

Instead, they publish their results and make their ____ available for inspection.

This makes it possible for other scientists to reconsider their data and possibly ____ their conclusions.

More important, though, it makes it possible for other scientists to use that ____ to construct new hypotheses and perform new experiments.

The assumption is that society as a ____ will end up knowing more if information is spread as widely as possible, rather than being limited to a few people.

In a strict ____, every scientist depends on the work of other scientists.

In the 1930s, the British psychologist Sir Frederic ____ asked people to listen to folktales from other countries and then recall these stories at a later date.

As you might guess, ____ stories were not remembered as well as familiar stories.

Surprisingly, however, ____ in memory were not random.

Rather, subjects often rewrote similar parts of the stories in their own ____ ─ particularly the parts that made the least sense to them.

Bartlett concluded that when facing problems, ____ draw upon mental schemata, or shelves of stored knowledge in our brains, to fill in any minor gaps in our memories.

Therefore, remembering is an imaginative process that involves ____ upon past experiences.

History, people often ____, repeats itself.

And looking at the historical records of the ancient civilizations, some things do seem to happen again and ____.

Civilizations expand, get overextended, and then collapse as in the cases of ____, which went under in 476 AD, and the British Empire, which fell apart more than a thousand years later in the post‐World War II era.

But is this always the ____?

If so, archaeology would be pretty boring; one thing would happen again and ____.

But ____ not what archaeologists see.

Some civilizations end suddenly, like the Aztec and ____, conquered by invaders in the 1520s AD.

Those empires ____ had the chance to collapse as a result of overexpansion.

So in the case of civilizations, "____ repeats itself" seems to be an oversimplification.

Stanford psychology professor Dr. Carol Dweck is the internationally recognized pioneer of the concept of "growth mindset" as a way to continually grow, learn, and ____ in our efforts.

Dweck found that kids who are told they're "smart" actually underperform in future tasks, by choosing easier tasks to avoid evidence that they are ____ smart, which Dweck calls having a "fixed mindset."

In contrast, Dweck found, kids who are praised not for their smarts but for their effort develop what Dweck ____ a "growth mindset."

They learn that their effort is what led to their success, and if they continue to try, ____ time they'll improve and achieve more things.

These ____ end up taking on tougher things, and feel better about themselves.

"Emphasizing effort ____ a child a variable that they can control," Dweck has explained.

To ____ our surroundings is to focus on what's outside of ourselves: what we see, hear, smell, feel, and perhaps even taste.

But sometimes what ____ marks a place is something less specific ─ a feeling within us.

An interesting ____ emerged from a study of subway passenger behavior.

Researchers trying to understand why people sit where they sit or stand where they stand in subway and metro trains examined the factors that shape the way riders used and navigated that space in ____ situations.

One of their findings involved the reasons many riders like to plant themselves close to the ____ doors.

Partly this was the obvious convenience of being able to exit ____ quickly.

But it was shaped partly by a more abstract sensation ─ the desire to avoid the ____ uncomfortable feeling of accidentally making eye contact with seated passengers.

We can't ____ feelings ─ but they're very real, and they influence our experience of the world.

We have a '____ reflex', like other marine mammals.

This means that special nerve endings on our faces, around the mouth and nose, trigger this reflex only when the facial ____ goes under water.

If we are in the water, with our ____ out in the air, there is no diving reflex.

But if we sink just our face in a bowl of water, while the whole of the rest of our body is in the dry air, the diving reflex is ____.

It ____ closes down the airway, reducing the risk of swallowing water, and it narrows the small air-passages in the lungs.

At the same time the heart rate is slowed down to half speed and blood is shunted to the ____ organs, protecting them from the effects of the brief stop in breathing.

By contrast, if a chimpanzee or a gorilla found itself in water with its face below the surface, it ____ panic, its heart would race and it would quickly drown.

There is a natural assumption of ____, or a truth bias when humans communicate with one another.

In other words, ____ we're listening to others or reading their words, our automatic assumption is that the other person is telling the truth.

This ____ works out fine.

If you ask someone where the restroom is located or if it's raining outside, ____ can safely assume that most people will not lie in their responses.

Imagine ____ difficult it would be to converse with someone if you assumed that everything they were telling you was false!

____, questioning the truth of a statement and then choosing not to believe it requires additional mental steps.

For the most part, humans are "cognitive misers," which means we ____ don't expend more mental effort than seems necessary in a given situation.

It makes sense then, that when we see something online, even if it is fake, our default is to believe it, at ____ at first.

We humans are unlikely to doubt the truth of ____ we receive, due to our tendency to save mental effort.

Paying with ____ fundamentally changes the way we spend money, altering the calculus of our financial decisions.

When you buy something with cash, the purchase involves an actual loss ─ your wallet is ____ lighter.

Credit cards, however, make the purchase abstract, so that you don't really feel the downside of ____ money.

Brainimaging experiments suggest that paying with credit cards actually reduces activity in the insula, a brain region associated with negative ____.

As George Loewenstein, a neuroeconomist at Carnegie Mellon, says, "The nature of credit ____ ensures that your brain is anesthetized against the pain of payment."

Spending money doesn't feel bad, so you spend more ____.

____ this experiment:

Drazen Prelec and ____ Simester, two business professors at MIT, organized a reallife, sealed-bid auction for tickets to a Boston Celtics game.

Half the participants in the auction were informed that they ____ to pay with cash; the other half were told they had to pay with credit cards.

Prelec and ____ then averaged the bids for the two different groups.

It ____ out that the average credit card bid was twice as high as the average cash bid.

____ people used their credit cards, their bids were much more careless.

They no longer felt the need to limit their ____.