2024년 9월 고1 모의고사 변형 (31-42번)

You hear again and again that some of the greatest composers were misunderstood in their own ____

Not everyone could understand the compositions of Beethoven, Brahms, or Stravinsky in their ____

The reason for this initial lack of ____ is unfamiliarity.

The musical forms, or ideas expressed within them, were ____ new.

And yet, this ____ exactly one of the things that makes them so great.

Effective composers have their ____ ideas.

Have you ever seen the classic ____ Amadeus?

The composer Antonio Salieri is the "host" of this movie; he's depicted as one of the most famous Nongreat composers ― he lived at the time ____ Mozart and was completely overshadowed by him.

Now, Salieri wasn't a bad composer; in fact, ____ was a very good one.

But he ____ one of the world's great composers because his work wasn't original.

____ he wrote sounded just like what everyone else was composing at the time.

Every time a new medium comes along ─ whether it's ____ invention of the printed book, or TV, or SNS ─ and you start to use it, it's like you are putting on a new kind of goggles, with their own special colors and lenses.

Each set of goggles you put on ____ you see things differently.

So when you start to watch television, before you absorb ____ message of any particular TV show ─ whether it's Wheel of Fortune or The Wire ─ you start to see the world as being shaped like television itself.

That's why Marshall McLuhan said that every time a new medium comes along ─ ____ new way for humans to communicate ─ it has buried in it a message.

It is gently guiding us to see the world according to a new set ____ codes.

The way information gets to you, McLuhan argued, is more important than ____ information itself.

TV teaches you ____ the world is fast; that it's about surfaces and appearances.

Concepts are vital to human survival, but we must also be careful with ____ because concepts open the door to essentialism.

They encourage ____ to see things that aren't present.

Stuart Firestein opens his book, Ignorance, with an old proverb, "It is very difficult to find a black cat in a dark room, especially when there is ____ cat."

This statement beautifully sums up the search ____ essences.

History has many examples of scientists ____ searched fruitlessly for an essence because they used the wrong concept to guide their hypotheses.

Firestein gives the example of luminiferous ether, a mysterious substance that was ____ to fill the universe so that light would have a medium to move through.

The ether was a black cat, writes Firestein, and physicists ____ been theorizing in a dark room, and then experimenting in it, looking for evidence of a cat that did not exist.

While social media attention is potentially an instrument to achieve ends like elite celebrity, some ____ creators desire ordinary fame as a social end in itself.

Not unlike reality television stars, social media celebrities are often criticized for not having skills and talents associated with traditional, elite celebrity, such as ____ or singing ability.

This criticism highlights the ____ that digital content creators face real barriers to crossing over to the sphere of elite celebrity.

However, the criticism also misses the point that the phenomenon of ordinary celebrity reconstructs ____ meaning of fame.

The elite ____ is symbolized by the metaphor of the star, characterized by mystery and hierarchical distance and associated with naturalized qualities of talent and class.

The ordinary celebrity attracts attention through regular ____ frequent interactions with other ordinary people.

Achieving ordinary fame as a social media celebrity is like doing well at a game, because in this sphere, fame ____ nothing more nor less than relatively high scores on attention scales, the metrics of subscribers, followers, Likes, or clicks built into social media applications.

Why do we have the illusion that cramming for an exam is the best learning ____

Because we are ____ to differentiate between the various sections of our memory.

Immediately after reading our textbook or our class notes, information is fully ____ in our mind.

It sits in our conscious working memory, in an active ____

We feel as if we ____ it, because it is present in our short-term storage space ... but this short-term section has nothing to do with the long-term memory that we will need in order to recall the same information a few days later.

After a few seconds or minutes, working memory already starts disappearing, and after a few days, the effect becomes enormous: unless you retest your ____ memory vanishes.

To get information into long-term memory, it is essential to study the material, then test yourself, rather than spend all your time ____

The discovery of mirror ____ has profoundly changed the way we think of a fundamental human capacity, learning by observation.

As children we ____ a lot by observing what our parents and friends do.

Newborns, in the first week of life, have an inborn tendency to ____ out their tongue if their parents stick out theirs.

Such imitation is ____ perfect.

____ may not see the tongue stick out each time you stick yours out at your newborn, but if you do it many times, the tongue will come out more often than if you do something different.

Babies babble and later start to ____ the sounds their parents produce.

Later ____ they play with vacuum cleaners and hammers in imitation of their parents.

Our modern cultures, in which we write, speak, read, build spaceships and go to school, can work only because we are not restricted to the behavior ____ are born with or learn by trial and error.

We can ____ a lot by simply watching others.

Have you ever been surprised to hear a recording of your ____ voice?

You might have thought, "Is that really what my voice ____ like?"

Maybe your ____ is more pronounced in the recording than you realized, or your voice is higher than it seems to your own ears.

This is of course quite a common experience. ____ explanation is actually fairly simple.

There are two pathways through ____ we perceive our own voice when we speak.

One is the route through which we perceive most external ____ like waves that travel from the air through the outer, middle and inner ear.

But because our vocal cords vibrate when ____ speak, there is a second internal path.

Vibrations are conducted through our bones ____ stimulate our inner ears directly.

Lower ____ are emphasized along this pathway.

That makes your voice sound deeper and richer to yourself than it ____ sound to other people.

Biologists distinguish ____ kinds of similarity.

"Analogous" traits are ones that have a common function but arose on different branches of the evolutionary tree ____ are in an important sense not "the same" organ.

The wings of birds and the wings of bees are both used for flight ____ are similar in some ways because anything used for flight has to be built in those ways, but they arose independently in evolution and have nothing in common beyond their use in flight.

"Homologous" traits, ____ contrast, may or may not have a common function, but they descended from a common ancestor and hence have some common structure that indicates their being "the same" organ.

The wing of a bat and the ____ leg of a horse have very different functions, but they are all modifications of the forelimb of the ancestor of all mammals.

As a result, they share nonfunctional traits like the number of bones ____ the ways they are connected.

____ distinguish analogy from homology, biologists usually look at the overall architecture of the organs and focus on their most useless properties.

Seawater contains an abundance of dissolved oxygen that ____ marine animals breathe to stay alive.

It has long been established in physics that cold water holds more dissolved oxygen than warm water does ― this is one reason that cold polar seas are full of life while tropical oceans are blue, clear, and relatively poorly ____ with living creatures.

Thus, as global warming raises the temperature of marine waters, it is self-evident ____ the amount of dissolved oxygen will decrease.

This is a worrisome and potentially disastrous consequence if allowed ____ continue to an ecosystem-threatening level.

Now scientists have analyzed data indicating that the amount of dissolved oxygen in the oceans has been ____ for more than a half century.

The ____ show that the ocean oxygen level has been falling more rapidly than the corresponding rise in water temperature.

Falling oxygen levels in water have the potential to impact the habitat of marine organisms worldwide and in recent years this has led to more frequent anoxic events that killed or displaced populations of fish, crabs, and many other ____

____ ― New World Monkeys that live in large social groups ― will, in captivity, trade with people all day long, especially if food is involved.

I give you this rock and you give me ____ treat to eat.

If you put two monkeys in cages next to each other, and offer ____ both slices of cucumber for the rocks they already have, they will happily eat the cucumbers.

If, however, you give one monkey grapes instead ― ____ being universally preferred to cucumbers ― the monkey that is still receiving cucumbers will begin to throw them back at the experimenter.

Even though she is still getting "paid" the same amount for her effort of sourcing rocks, and ____ her particular situation has not changed, the comparison to another makes the situation unfair.

Furthermore, she is now willing to abandon all gains ― the cucumbers themselves ― to communicate ____ displeasure to the experimenter.

According to the passage, if the Capuchin monkey realizes the inequality in rewards compared to another monkey, she will reject her rewards to express her feelings about the treatment, despite getting ____ the same rewards as before.

Higher education ____ grown from an elite to a mass system across the world.

In Europe and the USA, increased rates of participation occurred in the decades after ____ Second World War.

Between 2000 and 2014, rates of participation in ____ education almost doubled from 19% to 34% across the world among the members of the population in the school-leaving age category (typically 18-23).

The dramatic expansion of higher education has been marked by a ____ range of institutions of higher learning and a more diverse demographic of students.

Changes from an elite system to ____ mass higher education system are associated with political needs to build a specialized workforce for the economy.

In theory, the expansion of higher education to develop a highly skilled workforce should diminish the role of examinations in the selection and control of students, initiating approaches to assessment which enable lifelong ____ assessment for learning and a focus on feedback for development.

In reality, sociopolitical changes to expand higher education have set up a 'field of contradictions' ____ assessment in higher education.

Mass higher education ____ efficient approaches to assessment, such as examinations and multiple-choice quizzes, with minimalist, impersonal, or standardised feedback, often causing students to focus more on grades than feedback.

In contrast, the relatively small numbers of students in elite systems in the past allowed for closer relationships between students and ____ teachers, with formative feedback shaping the minds, academic skills, and even the characters of students.