2023년 9월 고2 모의고사 변형 (31-42번)

Rebels may think they’re rebels, ____ clever marketers influence them just like the rest of us.

Saying, “Everyone ____ doing it” may turn some people off from an idea.

These people will look for alternatives, which (if cleverly ____ can be exactly what a marketer or persuader wants you to believe.

If I want you ____ consider an idea, and know you strongly reject popular opinion in favor of maintaining your independence and uniqueness,

I would present the majority option ____ which you would reject in favor of my actual preference.

We are often tricked when we try to maintain a position ____ defiance.

People use this reversal ____ make usindependently” choose an option which suits their purposes.

Some brands have taken full effect of our defiance towards ____ mainstream and positioned themselves as rebels; which has created even stronger brand loyalty.

A typical soap opera creates an abstract world, in which a highly complex web of relationships connects fictional characters that exist first only in the minds of the program’s creators and ____ then recreated in the minds of the viewer.

If you were to think about how much human psychology, law, and even everyday physics the viewer must know in order to follow and speculate ____ the plot, you would discover it is considerable — at least as much as the knowledge required to follow and speculate about a piece of modern mathematics, and in most cases, much more.

Yet viewers follow soap operas ____ ease.

How are ____ able to cope with such abstraction?

Because, ____ course, the abstraction is built on an extremely familiar framework.

The characters in a soap opera and the relationships between them ____ very much like the real people and relationships we experience every day.

The abstraction of a soap opera is only ____ step removed from the real world.

The mental “training” required to follow a soap opera is provided ____ our everyday lives.

As always happens ____ natural selection, bats and their prey have been engaged in a lifeordeath sensory arms race for millions of years.

It’s believed that hearing in moths arose specifically in response to the threat of being ____ by bats. (Not all insects can hear.)

Over millions of years, moths have evolved the ability to detect sounds at ever higher frequencies, and, as they have, the frequencies ____ bats’ vocalizations have risen, too.

Some moth species have also evolved scales on their wings and ____ furlike coat on their bodies; both act as “acoustic camouflage,” by absorbing sound waves in the frequencies emitted by bats, thereby preventing those sound waves from bouncing back.

____ B2 bomber and other “stealth” aircraft have fuselages made of materials that do something similar with radar beams.

____ of human thought is designed to screen out information and to sort the rest into a manageable condition.

The inflow of data from our senses could create an overwhelming chaos, ____ given the enormous amount of information available in culture and society.

Out of all the sensory impressions and possible information, it is vital to find a small amount that is most relevant to our individual needs ____ to organize that into a usable stock of knowledge.

Expectancies accomplish some of this work, helping to screen out information ____ is irrelevant to what is expected, and focusing our attention on clear contradictions.

____ processes of learning and memory are marked by a steady elimination of information.

People notice only ____ part of the world around them.

Then, only a fraction of what they notice gets processed ____ stored into memory.

And only part ____ what gets committed to memory can be retrieved.

The irony of early democracy in Europe is that it thrived and prospered precisely because European rulers for a very ____ time were remarkably weak.

For more than a millennium after the fall of Rome, European rulers lacked the ability to ____ what their people were producing and to levy substantial taxes based on this.

The most striking way to illustrate European weakness is to show how little revenue ____ collected.

Europeans would eventually develop strong systems of revenue collection, but it took them an awfully ____ time to do so.

____ medieval times, and for part of the early modern era,

Chinese emperors and Muslim caliphs were able to extract much more of ____ production than any European ruler with the exception of small citystates.

If you drive ____ a busy street, you will find many competing businesses, often right next to one another.

____ example, in most places a consumer in search of a quick meal has many choices, and more fastfood restaurants appear all the time.

____ competing firms advertise heavily.

The temptation is to see advertising as driving up the price of ____ product without any benefit to the consumer.

However, this misconception doesn’t account for why ____ advertise.

In markets where competitors ____ slightly differentiated products, advertising enables firms to inform their customers about new products and services.

Yes, costs rise, but consumers also gain information to help ____ purchasing decisions.

Consumers also benefit from ____ variety, and we all get a product that’s pretty close to our vision of a perfect good — and no other market structure delivers that outcome.

Architects might say a machine can never design an innovative ____ impressive building because a computer cannot be “creative.”

Yet consider the Elbphilharmonie, a new concert hall in Hamburg, which contains ____ remarkably beautiful auditorium composed of ten thousand interlocking acoustic panels.

It is the sort of space that makes one instinctively think that only a human being — and a human with a ____ refined creative sensibility, at that — could design something so aesthetically impressive.

Yet the auditorium was, in fact, designed algorithmically, using a ____ known as “parametric design.”

The architects gave the system a set of criteria, and it generated a ____ of possible designs for the architects to choose from.

Similar software has been used to design lightweight bicycle frames and sturdier ____ among much else.

Are these systems ____ “creatively”?

No, they are using lots ____ processing power to blindly generate varied possible designs, working in a very different way from a human being.

The ____ is a highenergy consumer of glucose, which is its fuel.

Although the brain accounts for merely 3 percent of a ____ body weight, it consumes 20 percent of the available fuel.

Your brain can’t store ____ however, so it has to “pay as it goes.”

Since ____ brain is incredibly adaptive, it economizes its fuel resources.

Thus, during a period of high stress, it shifts ____ from the analysis of the nuances of a situation to a singular and fixed focus on the stressful situation at hand.

You don’t sit back and speculate about the meaning of ____ when you are stressed.

Instead, you devote all your energy to trying to figure ____ what action to take.

Sometimes, however, ____ shift from the higherthinking parts of the brain to the automatic and reflexive parts of the brain can lead you to do something too quickly, without thinking.

Much research has been carried out on the causes of engagement, an issue that is important from ____ a theoretical and practical standpoint: identifying the drivers of work engagement may enable us to manipulate or influence it.

The ____ of engagement fall into two major camps: situational and personal.

The most influential situational causes ____ job resources, feedback and leadership, the latter, of course, being responsible for job resources and feedback.

Indeed, leaders influence engagement ____ giving their employees honest and constructive feedback on their performance, and by providing them with the necessary resources that enable them to perform their job well.

It is, however, noteworthy that although engagement drives job performance, job performance ____ drives engagement.

In other ____ when employees are able to do their jobs well — to the point that they match or exceed their own expectations and ambitions — they will engage more, be proud of their achievements, and find work more meaningful.

This is especially evident when people ____ employed in jobs that align with their values.

In 2006, researchers ____ a study on the motivations for helping after the September 11th terrorist attacks against the United States.

In the study, ____ found that individuals who gave money, blood, goods, or other forms of assistance because of otherfocused motives (giving to reduce another’s discomfort) were almost four times more likely to still be giving support one year later than those whose original motivation was to reduce personal distress.

This effect likely stems from differences in ____ arousal.

The events of September 11th ____ affected people throughout the United States.

Those who gave to reduce their own ____ reduced their emotional arousal with their initial gift, discharging that emotional distress.

However, those who gave to reduce others’ distress did not stop empathizing with victims who continued to struggle long after the ____

A study ____ that the act of giving was less likely to be sustained when driven by selfcentered motives rather than by otherfocused motives, possibly because of the decline in emotional arousal.

In England in the 1680s, it ____ unusual to live to the age of fifty.

This was a period when knowledge was not spread widely, there ____ few books and most people could not read.

As a consequence, knowledge passed down through the oral ____ of stories and shared experiences.

And since older people had ____ more knowledge, the social norm was that to be over fifty was to be wise.

This social perception of age began to shift with the advent of new technologies such ____ the printing press.

Over time, as more books were printed, literacy increased, and the oral traditions ____ knowledge transfer began to fade.

With the fading of oral traditions, the wisdom of the old became less important and as a consequence being over ____ was no longer seen as signifying wisdom.

We are living in a period when the gap between chronological and ____ age is changing fast and where social norms are struggling to adapt.

In a video produced by the AARP (formerly the American Association of Retired Persons), young people were asked to do ____ activities ‘just like an old person’.

When older people joined them in the video, ____ gap between the stereotype and the older people’s actual behaviour was striking.

It is clear that in today’s world our ____ norms need to be updated quickly.