2023년 9월 고2 모의고사 변형 (31-42번)

Rebels may think they’re rebels, but clever ____ influence them just like the rest of us.

Saying, “____ is doing it” may turn some people off from an idea.

These people will look for alternatives, which (if cleverly planned) can be exactly what a marketer or persuader ____ you to believe.

If I want you to consider an idea, and know you strongly reject popular opinion in favor of maintaining your independence and ____,

I would present the majority option first, which you would reject in ____ of my actual preference.

We are often tricked when we try to maintain a ____ of defiance.

____ use this reversal to make usindependently” choose an option which suits their purposes.

Some brands have taken full effect of our defiance towards the ____ and positioned themselves as rebels; which has created even stronger brand loyalty.

A typical soap opera creates an abstract world, in which a highly complex web of relationships connects fictional characters that exist first only in the minds of the program’s creators and are then ____ in the minds of the viewer.

If you were to think about how much human psychology, ____, and even everyday physics the viewer must know in order to follow and speculate about the plot, you would discover it is considerable — at least as much as the knowledge required to follow and speculate about a piece of modern mathematics, and in most cases, much more.

Yet viewers follow ____ operas with ease.

How are they able to ____ with such abstraction?

Because, of course, the ____ is built on an extremely familiar framework.

The characters in a soap opera and the ____ between them are very much like the real people and relationships we experience every day.

The abstraction of a soap opera is only a step removed ____ the real world.

The ____ “training” required to follow a soap opera is provided by our everyday lives.

As always happens with natural selection, bats and their prey have been ____ in a lifeordeath sensory arms race for millions of years.

It’s believed that hearing in ____ arose specifically in response to the threat of being eaten by bats. (Not all insects can hear.)

Over millions of years, moths have evolved the ability to detect sounds at ever higher frequencies, and, as they have, the frequencies of bats’ vocalizations have risen, ____.

Some moth species have also evolved scales on their wings and a furlike coat on their bodies; both act as “acoustic camouflage,” by absorbing ____ waves in the frequencies emitted by bats, thereby preventing those sound waves from bouncing back.

The B2 bomber and other “stealth” aircraft have fuselages made of materials that do something similar with ____ beams.

Much of human thought is designed to screen out information and to sort the rest into a ____ condition.

The inflow of data ____ our senses could create an overwhelming chaos, especially given the enormous amount of information available in culture and society.

Out of all the sensory impressions and possible information, it is vital to find a small amount that is most ____ to our individual needs and to organize that into a usable stock of knowledge.

Expectancies accomplish some of this work, ____ to screen out information that is irrelevant to what is expected, and focusing our attention on clear contradictions.

The processes of learning and memory are ____ by a steady elimination of information.

People notice only a ____ of the world around them.

Then, only a fraction of what they notice gets processed and stored ____ memory.

And only part of what ____ committed to memory can be retrieved.

The irony of early democracy in Europe is that it thrived and prospered precisely because European rulers for a very long ____ were remarkably weak.

For more than a millennium after the fall of Rome, European rulers ____ the ability to assess what their people were producing and to levy substantial taxes based on this.

The most striking way to illustrate European weakness is to ____ how little revenue they collected.

Europeans would eventually develop strong systems of revenue collection, but it ____ them an awfully long time to do so.

In medieval times, and for part of the ____ modern era,

Chinese emperors and Muslim ____ were able to extract much more of economic production than any European ruler with the exception of small citystates.

If you drive down a busy ____, you will find many competing businesses, often right next to one another.

For example, in most places a consumer in ____ of a quick meal has many choices, and more fastfood restaurants appear all the time.

These competing firms advertise ____.

The temptation is to see advertising as driving up the price of a ____ without any benefit to the consumer.

However, this misconception doesn’t ____ for why firms advertise.

In markets where competitors sell ____ differentiated products, advertising enables firms to inform their customers about new products and services.

Yes, ____ rise, but consumers also gain information to help make purchasing decisions.

Consumers also benefit from added variety, and we all get a product ____ pretty close to our vision of a perfect good — and no other market structure delivers that outcome.

Architects might say a machine can never ____ an innovative or impressive building because a computer cannot be “creative.”

Yet ____ the Elbphilharmonie, a new concert hall in Hamburg, which contains a remarkably beautiful auditorium composed of ten thousand interlocking acoustic panels.

It is the sort of space that makes one instinctively think that only a human being — and a human with a remarkably refined ____ sensibility, at that — could design something so aesthetically impressive.

Yet the auditorium was, in ____, designed algorithmically, using a technique known as “parametric design.”

The architects gave the system a set of criteria, and it generated a set of possible designs for the ____ to choose from.

Similar software has ____ used to design lightweight bicycle frames and sturdier chairs, among much else.

Are these systems behaving “____”?

No, they are using lots of processing power to blindly generate varied possible designs, ____ in a very different way from a human being.

The brain is a highenergy consumer of glucose, which is ____ fuel.

Although the brain accounts for merely 3 percent of a person’s body ____, it consumes 20 percent of the available fuel.

Your brain can’t store fuel, ____, so it has to “pay as it goes.”

Since your brain is incredibly adaptive, it economizes ____ fuel resources.

Thus, during a period of high stress, it ____ away from the analysis of the nuances of a situation to a singular and fixed focus on the stressful situation at hand.

____ don’t sit back and speculate about the meaning of life when you are stressed.

Instead, you devote all your energy to trying to figure out ____ action to take.

Sometimes, however, this shift from the ____ parts of the brain to the automatic and reflexive parts of the brain can lead you to do something too quickly, without thinking.

Much research has been carried out on the causes of engagement, an issue that is important from both a theoretical and practical standpoint: identifying the drivers of work engagement may enable us to manipulate or ____ it.

The causes of ____ fall into two major camps: situational and personal.

The most influential ____ causes are job resources, feedback and leadership, the latter, of course, being responsible for job resources and feedback.

Indeed, leaders influence engagement by giving their employees honest and constructive feedback on their ____, and by providing them with the necessary resources that enable them to perform their job well.

It is, however, noteworthy that although ____ drives job performance, job performance also drives engagement.

In other words, when employees are able to do their jobs well — to the point that they ____ or exceed their own expectations and ambitions — they will engage more, be proud of their achievements, and find work more meaningful.

This is especially evident when people are employed in ____ that align with their values.

In 2006, researchers conducted a study on the motivations for helping after the September 11th terrorist attacks ____ the United States.

In the study, they found that individuals who gave money, blood, goods, or other forms of assistance ____ of otherfocused motives (giving to reduce another’s discomfort) were almost four times more likely to still be giving support one year later than those whose original motivation was to reduce personal distress.

This effect likely ____ from differences in emotional arousal.

The events of September ____ emotionally affected people throughout the United States.

Those who gave to reduce their own distress reduced their emotional arousal with their initial gift, ____ that emotional distress.

However, those who gave to reduce others’ distress did ____ stop empathizing with victims who continued to struggle long after the attacks.

A study found that the act of giving was less likely to be sustained when driven by selfcentered motives ____ than by otherfocused motives, possibly because of the decline in emotional arousal.

In England in the 1680s, it was ____ to live to the age of fifty.

This was a period when knowledge was not spread widely, there were few books and most ____ could not read.

As a consequence, knowledge passed down through the ____ traditions of stories and shared experiences.

And since ____ people had accumulated more knowledge, the social norm was that to be over fifty was to be wise.

This social perception of ____ began to shift with the advent of new technologies such as the printing press.

Over time, as more books were printed, literacy increased, and the ____ traditions of knowledge transfer began to fade.

With the fading of oral traditions, the wisdom of the old became less important and as a consequence being over fifty was no longer seen as ____ wisdom.

We are living in a period when the gap between chronological and biological ____ is changing fast and where social norms are struggling to adapt.

In a ____ produced by the AARP (formerly the American Association of Retired Persons), young people were asked to do various activities ‘just like an old person’.

When older people joined them in the video, the gap between the stereotype and the older people’s ____ behaviour was striking.

It is clear that in today’s world our social norms need to be ____ quickly.