2025년 10월 고2 모의고사 변형문제 (31-42번)

Statistics in the twentieth century became the systematic collection of ____ information needed by the state.

This process occurred in all the industrialised ____ as a key part of their becoming modern states.

Desrosieres writes: "It is difficult to think simultaneously that the objects being measured really do exist and that this is ____ a convention".

Yet this is the case. Phenomena such as prices being charged and products being sold exist, but the categories and classification frameworks supporting the collection, aggregation, and organisation of official statistics are devised to serve the purposes of the state, for macroeconomic or for social ____.

Theodore Porter described the use of statistics to create state authority: "Quantification is a way of making decisions without seeming to decide", characterising it as a "social technology" intended to build trust in ____.

Just as an expert in the taste and colour of wine will gain much by being aware of the chemistry that underlies those qualities, so each perspective on the body can potentially enhance the ____.

And yet every scientific ____, from microscopes to mathematics, and every aspect of the body, from the brain to the microorganism, requires such depth of expertise that this tends not to happen: we tend to study the human body in silos, each community sectioned from the others by its own specialised vocabulary.

Research communities may be dedicated to one type of scientific tool or a specific component of the ____, such as one type of cell.

How different ____ of cell communicate with one another becomes its own specialist topic.

____ simple forms of life on Earth are now rarely studied as a whole, and the human body is evidently much more complex.

As long ago as 1890, The Times ____ commented that knowledge 'had already become too vast to be manageable'.

Today, nobody is an expert in the whole of ____.

Historically, palaces weren't ____ homes; they were carefully constructed stages designed to impress and intimidate.

While stone symbolized permanence and ____, glass offered something equally powerful: visibility.

The introduction of large windows in palaces allowed rulers to literally look down upon their subjects, ____ their elevated position.

Conversely, it also allowed subjects to gaze up at their ____, creating a sense of awe and distance.

Consider the Palace of Versailles: its Hall of Mirrors, lined with reflective surfaces, not only magnified the grandeur of the space but also placed the king at the center of a dazzling ____, reinforcing his absolute authority.

The use of glass in ____ wasn't merely aesthetic; it was strategic.

Open sightlines allowed for ____ surveillance and control, ensuring the safety and security of the ruling family.

Courtiers and visitors were constantly aware of being observed, contributing to an ____ of careful obedience and respect.

The very architecture dictated social behavior, with glass acting as a silent ____ of the power dynamic.

As a political researcher in Germany, Noelle­Neumann observed that during election campaigns, certain views ____ to get more play than others, and sometimes people muted their opinions rather than talking about them, especially if those opinions were perceived to be unpopular.

Noelle­Neumann ____ this the spiral of silence.

The spiral of silence occurs ____ individuals who perceive that their opinions are popular express them, whereas those who do not think their opinions are popular remain quiet.

This process occurs in a spiral, so that one side of an ____ ends up with considerable publicity and the other side with very little.

In everyday life, people express their opinions in a variety of ways: they talk about them, they wear buttons, they put ____ stickers on their cars, and they post their views on social media.

According to this theory, people are more apt to do these kinds of ____ when they perceive that others share their opinions.

Consider units of measure, one kind of descriptive device we are ____ with using in physics.

Spatial distances can be given in terms of feet or meters or some other unit, and the ____ will be the same regardless.

We conclude from this that physics does not prefer one unit of length over any ____, and we may choose any one we like for reasons of convenience.

We further conclude that any feature depending on that choice, such as the particular numerical ____ assigned to the spatial separation between two locations, is not out there in the world apart from a choice of unit.

Temperatures can likewise be given in terms of the Fahrenheit or ____ or Kelvin scale, and nothing in the physics changes when we switch from one scale to another.

We conclude that the choice of scale is an arbitrary choice in description, and that any feature that ____ on that choice is scale-dependent.

Even though sea creatures live in it, they still need to take in water for their bodies to ____ properly.

They just need to get rid of any extra salt it might ____ with it.

Salt absorbs water ____ a sponge.

If you put a tiny mountain of salt on a ____ plate, then add enough water to the side, making sure an edge touches the salt, the salt will absorb the water.

____ you have a pile of wet salt. Notice that it has increased in size.

The ____ principle applies to sea creatures.

If the body fluids in a sea animal are saltier than the seawater it lives in, then the extra salt in the creature's body will ____ seawater.

This can cause them to ____ up.

On the other hand, if the amount of salt in the seawater is higher than the amount of salt in the body fluids of a sea animal, the extra salt in the water will draw fluids out of the ____ body, causing it to dehydrate and shrink.

Distinguishing moths from butterflies on ____ appearance is not always easy, but there are a few rules of thumb that can help.

In most butterflies the antennae end with a small club-shaped swelling, ____ in moths they are usually feathery or narrow to a fine tip.

Butterflies tend to rest with their wings held ____ above their body, whereas moths more usually rest with the upper sides of the wings on full view.

Further distinctions can be made by looking for a tiny hook that joins fore- and hindwings, a ____ only present in moths.

The stereotypical differences, with moths cast as the gloomy, nocturnal cousins of ____ sun-loving butterflies are simply wrong.

There are many brightly coloured moths and many which are ____ throughout the day.

Equally, there are a few nocturnal butterflies and plenty that come clothed in shades of ____ and grey.

It's more ____ to think of them together; both butterflies and moths are beautiful and fascinating insects.

There are numerous ways wildlife is ____, but they all imply stewardship and can be classified into two broad categories: active management and inactive management.

Active management does something to the population ― ____ as increasing or decreasing its size ― in a direct manner through strategies like trans-locations or hunting, respectively.

Populations can also be actively managed by altering the habitat to the benefit or ____ of a population.

If population numbers are too low for the goal of management agencies, other active management can be incorporated, ____ as predator control to minimize neonatal deaths or habitat improvement to provide required cover for neonates from predators.

These efforts represent active approaches to ____.

Other populations may not be actively managed, like those in national ____.

In such situations, management activities minimize ____ influences on populations and habitat, which often involves management of humans and not animals.

Waste has historically been seen as a necessary ____ of the economy.

Sales are tied to the amount of a product supplied, which is directly ____ on the demand for that product.

Therefore, if you design the product to eventually be wasted, you can ensure that the demand for more ____ will be sustained.

Many strategies have been incorporated into product design and use to ensure that ____ is inevitable, such as planned obsolescence, limited access to tools for repairs, and use of cheap materials.

____ these strategies ensure that the consumer will have limited access to the product in use and will eventually require a replacement.

Those who supported the idea that waste is necessary to drive demand failed to realize that prioritizing the elimination of waste via repair and remanufacturing ____ a different kind of demand: products as a service.

Through this setup, companies simply lease ____ products that were once sold directly to the customer.

With this transition of ownership, companies maintain profit by offering maintenance and repair services and are encouraged to ____ long-lasting products.

Viewing time as a purchasable and ____ product cemented artificial views on time into our psyche, but every now and again we are forced to acknowledge this mistake.

On twenty-six occasions in the ____ fifty years, a second has been added to everyone's day to adjust for the Earth wobbling and the rate of its spin changing.

For ____, when El Nino, a climatic system in the Pacific, causes wind speed to change dramatically, it can slow the rotation of the Earth slightly.

____, the Earth's spin is generally slowing because the moon's gravity is acting as a drag, so days are getting longer by about 1.7 milliseconds per century.

Such events disturb the similarity between man-made time and ____ flexible time based on the Earth's naturally occurring rotation.

When events like this happen, a bunch of humans make the decision to add a small slice of time to your day, without your ____.

We try to ____ our fixed, man-made view of time on to nature in the false hope that it will yield.

It doesn't. Humans, who have long viewed that time is stable, have continuously ____ modifications, sticking to their belief that their efforts can eliminate the gap between man-made time and natural time.

When your hand is hanging at your side and then you lift it, opposing muscles on your upper ____ shorten and lengthen ― contract and relax ― to bend the elbow.

Biceps contract, and triceps ____.

Reversing the motion, ____ you drop your hand back down, muscles reverse roles.

Triceps ____, and biceps relax.

Lift your hand or drop it, and muscle shows what it is: a ____ of coordination, managed by orchestrated tension.

As arms and legs rotate around joints, muscles activate and deactivate, ____ and relax.

All physical activity is paradoxical, in this sense: Movement depends on what muscles don't do, as much as it ____ on what they do.

Both are ____, each in its time ― and the same is true of each side of the pairs of concepts shaping how we talk of muscles.

Start with nature versus nurture: Some people are stronger or more muscular than others; is the difference inborn, or does it depend on ____ people do?

To the latter question: What do ____ do?

Do ____ have to lift weights, or is walking enough exercise?

How should ____ do the exercise? Should you move fast or slowly?

Lift heavy ____ or lighter ones?

____ like that, basic questions about muscle may sound like they have one right answer.

Oppositions can polarize. But where muscle is concerned, few oppositions are true ____.

Look ____, and most prove to be paradoxes.

Born and made, heavy and light, fast and slow: Those opposites actually require ____ other.