2025년 10월 고2 모의고사 변형문제 (31-42번)

____ in the twentieth century became the systematic collection of quantitative information needed by the state.

This process occurred in all the industrialised countries as a key part of their becoming modern ____.

Desrosieres writes: "It is difficult to think simultaneously that the objects being measured really do exist and that this is only a ____".

Yet this is the case. Phenomena such as prices being charged and products being ____ exist, but the categories and classification frameworks supporting the collection, aggregation, and organisation of official statistics are devised to serve the purposes of the state, for macroeconomic or for social policies.

Theodore ____ described the use of statistics to create state authority: "Quantification is a way of making decisions without seeming to decide", characterising it as a "social technology" intended to build trust in authority.

Just as an expert in the taste and colour of wine will gain much by being aware of the chemistry that underlies those qualities, so each perspective on the body can potentially ____ the others.

And yet every scientific tool, from microscopes to mathematics, and every aspect of the body, from the brain to the ____, requires such depth of expertise that this tends not to happen: we tend to study the human body in silos, each community sectioned from the others by its own specialised vocabulary.

____ communities may be dedicated to one type of scientific tool or a specific component of the body, such as one type of cell.

How different types of cell communicate with one ____ becomes its own specialist topic.

Even simple forms of life on ____ are now rarely studied as a whole, and the human body is evidently much more complex.

As long ago as 1890, The Times newspaper commented that knowledge 'had already become ____ vast to be manageable'.

____, nobody is an expert in the whole of anything.

Historically, palaces weren't ____ homes; they were carefully constructed stages designed to impress and intimidate.

While stone ____ permanence and strength, glass offered something equally powerful: visibility.

The introduction of large windows in palaces allowed rulers to literally look ____ upon their subjects, emphasizing their elevated position.

____, it also allowed subjects to gaze up at their leaders, creating a sense of awe and distance.

Consider the Palace of Versailles: its Hall of Mirrors, lined with reflective ____, not only magnified the grandeur of the space but also placed the king at the center of a dazzling display, reinforcing his absolute authority.

The use of glass in palaces wasn't ____ aesthetic; it was strategic.

Open sightlines ____ for better surveillance and control, ensuring the safety and security of the ruling family.

Courtiers and visitors were constantly aware of being ____, contributing to an atmosphere of careful obedience and respect.

The very architecture dictated social behavior, with glass acting as a silent enforcer of the power ____.

As a political researcher in Germany, Noelle­Neumann observed that during election campaigns, certain views seemed to get more play than others, and sometimes people muted their opinions rather than talking about ____, especially if those opinions were perceived to be unpopular.

Noelle­Neumann calls this the ____ of silence.

The spiral of silence occurs when ____ who perceive that their opinions are popular express them, whereas those who do not think their opinions are popular remain quiet.

This process occurs in a spiral, so that one side of an issue ends up with considerable publicity and the other side with ____ little.

In everyday life, people express their opinions in a variety of ways: they talk about them, they wear buttons, they put bumper stickers on their cars, and they ____ their views on social media.

According to this ____, people are more apt to do these kinds of things when they perceive that others share their opinions.

Consider units of ____, one kind of descriptive device we are familiar with using in physics.

Spatial distances ____ be given in terms of feet or meters or some other unit, and the physics will be the same regardless.

We conclude from this that physics does not prefer one unit of length over any other, and we may ____ any one we like for reasons of convenience.

We further conclude that ____ feature depending on that choice, such as the particular numerical value assigned to the spatial separation between two locations, is not out there in the world apart from a choice of unit.

Temperatures can likewise be ____ in terms of the Fahrenheit or Celsius or Kelvin scale, and nothing in the physics changes when we switch from one scale to another.

We conclude that the choice of scale is an ____ choice in description, and that any feature that depends on that choice is scale-dependent.

Even though sea creatures live in it, they still need to take in water for their ____ to function properly.

They just need to get rid of any extra salt it might ____ with it.

Salt absorbs water ____ a sponge.

If you put a tiny mountain of salt on a small plate, then add ____ water to the side, making sure an edge touches the salt, the salt will absorb the water.

____ you have a pile of wet salt. Notice that it has increased in size.

The ____ principle applies to sea creatures.

If the body fluids in a sea animal are saltier than the ____ it lives in, then the extra salt in the creature's body will absorb seawater.

This ____ cause them to swell up.

On the other ____, if the amount of salt in the seawater is higher than the amount of salt in the body fluids of a sea animal, the extra salt in the water will draw fluids out of the creature's body, causing it to dehydrate and shrink.

Distinguishing moths from butterflies on outward appearance is not always easy, but there are a few rules of thumb that ____ help.

In most butterflies the antennae end with a ____ club-shaped swelling, whereas in moths they are usually feathery or narrow to a fine tip.

Butterflies tend to rest with their wings held shut above their ____, whereas moths more usually rest with the upper sides of the wings on full view.

Further distinctions can be made by looking for a tiny hook that ____ fore- and hindwings, a feature only present in moths.

The stereotypical differences, with moths cast as the gloomy, nocturnal ____ of colourful sun-loving butterflies are simply wrong.

There are many brightly coloured moths and many which are active ____ the day.

Equally, there are a few nocturnal butterflies and ____ that come clothed in shades of brown and grey.

It's more sensible to think of them together; both butterflies and moths are beautiful and ____ insects.

There are numerous ways wildlife is managed, but they all imply stewardship and can be classified into two broad ____: active management and inactive management.

Active management does something to the population ― such as increasing or decreasing ____ size ― in a direct manner through strategies like trans-locations or hunting, respectively.

Populations ____ also be actively managed by altering the habitat to the benefit or disadvantage of a population.

If population numbers are too low for the goal of management agencies, other active management can be incorporated, such as predator control to minimize neonatal deaths or habitat improvement to provide required cover for ____ from predators.

These efforts represent ____ approaches to management.

Other populations may not be actively managed, ____ those in national parks.

In such situations, management activities ____ external influences on populations and habitat, which often involves management of humans and not animals.

Waste has historically ____ seen as a necessary driver of the economy.

Sales are tied to the amount of a product supplied, ____ is directly dependent on the demand for that product.

Therefore, if you design the product to eventually be wasted, ____ can ensure that the demand for more products will be sustained.

Many strategies have been incorporated into ____ design and use to ensure that waste is inevitable, such as planned obsolescence, limited access to tools for repairs, and use of cheap materials.

All these strategies ensure that the consumer will ____ limited access to the product in use and will eventually require a replacement.

Those who supported the idea that waste is necessary to drive demand failed to realize that prioritizing the elimination of waste ____ repair and remanufacturing creates a different kind of demand: products as a service.

Through this ____, companies simply lease out products that were once sold directly to the customer.

With this transition of ownership, companies ____ profit by offering maintenance and repair services and are encouraged to develop long-lasting products.

Viewing time as a purchasable and consistent product cemented artificial views on time into our ____, but every now and again we are forced to acknowledge this mistake.

On twenty-six occasions in the last fifty ____, a second has been added to everyone's day to adjust for the Earth wobbling and the rate of its spin changing.

For instance, when El Nino, a climatic system in the Pacific, causes wind speed to change dramatically, it ____ slow the rotation of the Earth slightly.

Indeed, the Earth's spin is generally slowing because the ____ gravity is acting as a drag, so days are getting longer by about 1.7 milliseconds per century.

Such events disturb the ____ between man-made time and more flexible time based on the Earth's naturally occurring rotation.

When events like this happen, a bunch of humans make the decision to add a small slice of time to your day, without your ____.

We try to force our fixed, man-made view of ____ on to nature in the false hope that it will yield.

It doesn't. Humans, who have long ____ that time is stable, have continuously made modifications, sticking to their belief that their efforts can eliminate the gap between man-made time and natural time.

When your hand is hanging at your side and then you ____ it, opposing muscles on your upper arm shorten and lengthen ― contract and relax ― to bend the elbow.

____ contract, and triceps relax.

Reversing the motion, when you drop your hand back down, muscles reverse ____.

Triceps ____, and biceps relax.

Lift your hand or drop it, and muscle shows what it is: a system of coordination, managed by ____ tension.

As ____ and legs rotate around joints, muscles activate and deactivate, contract and relax.

All physical activity is paradoxical, in this sense: Movement depends on what muscles don't do, as much as it depends on ____ they do.

Both are ____, each in its time ― and the same is true of each side of the pairs of concepts shaping how we talk of muscles.

Start with nature versus nurture: Some people are stronger or more muscular than others; is the difference inborn, or ____ it depend on what people do?

To the latter question: What do ____ do?

Do you ____ to lift weights, or is walking enough exercise?

How should you do the exercise? Should you move ____ or slowly?

Lift ____ weights or lighter ones?

Put like that, basic questions about muscle may ____ like they have one right answer.

Oppositions can polarize. But where muscle is concerned, few ____ are true polarities.

____ closely, and most prove to be paradoxes.

Born and made, heavy and light, fast and slow: Those opposites actually require each ____.