2025년 10월 고2 모의고사 변형문제 (31-42번)

Statistics in the twentieth century became the systematic collection of quantitative information needed ____ the state.

This process occurred in all the industrialised countries as a key part of their becoming ____ states.

Desrosieres ____ "It is difficult to think simultaneously that the objects being measured really do exist and that this is only a convention".

Yet this is the case. Phenomena such as prices being charged and products being sold exist, but the categories and classification frameworks supporting the collection, aggregation, and organisation of official statistics are devised to serve the purposes of the state, for macroeconomic or ____ social policies.

Theodore Porter described the use of statistics to create state authority: "Quantification is a way of making decisions without seeming ____ decide", characterising it as a "social technology" intended to build trust in authority.

Just as an expert in the taste and colour of wine will gain much by being aware of the chemistry that underlies those qualities, so each perspective on the body can ____ enhance the others.

And yet every scientific tool, from microscopes to mathematics, and every aspect of the body, from the brain to the microorganism, requires such depth of expertise that this tends not to happen: we tend to study the human body in silos, each community sectioned from the others by its own ____ vocabulary.

Research communities may be dedicated to one type of scientific tool or a specific component of the body, such as one type of ____

How ____ types of cell communicate with one another becomes its own specialist topic.

Even simple forms of life on Earth are now rarely studied as a whole, and the ____ body is evidently much more complex.

As long ago as 1890, The Times newspaper ____ that knowledge 'had already become too vast to be manageable'.

Today, nobody is an expert in the ____ of anything.

Historically, palaces weren't just homes; they were ____ constructed stages designed to impress and intimidate.

While stone symbolized permanence and strength, glass offered something equally powerful: ____

The ____ of large windows in palaces allowed rulers to literally look down upon their subjects, emphasizing their elevated position.

Conversely, it also allowed subjects to gaze up at their leaders, creating a sense ____ awe and distance.

____ the Palace of Versailles: its Hall of Mirrors, lined with reflective surfaces, not only magnified the grandeur of the space but also placed the king at the center of a dazzling display, reinforcing his absolute authority.

The use of glass in palaces wasn't merely aesthetic; it was ____

Open sightlines allowed for better surveillance ____ control, ensuring the safety and security of the ruling family.

Courtiers and visitors were constantly aware of being observed, contributing to an atmosphere of careful ____ and respect.

The very architecture dictated social behavior, with glass acting ____ a silent enforcer of the power dynamic.

As a political researcher in Germany, Noelle­Neumann observed ____ during election campaigns, certain views seemed to get more play than others, and sometimes people muted their opinions rather than talking about them, especially if those opinions were perceived to be unpopular.

Noelle­Neumann calls this ____ spiral of silence.

The spiral of silence occurs when individuals who perceive that their opinions are popular express them, whereas those who do not think their opinions are popular remain ____

This process occurs in a spiral, ____ that one side of an issue ends up with considerable publicity and the other side with very little.

In everyday life, people express their ____ in a variety of ways: they talk about them, they wear buttons, they put bumper stickers on their cars, and they post their views on social media.

According to this theory, people are more apt to ____ these kinds of things when they perceive that others share their opinions.

Consider units of measure, one kind of descriptive device we are familiar with using ____ physics.

Spatial distances ____ be given in terms of feet or meters or some other unit, and the physics will be the same regardless.

We conclude from this that physics does not prefer one unit of length over any other, and we may choose any one we like for ____ of convenience.

We ____ conclude that any feature depending on that choice, such as the particular numerical value assigned to the spatial separation between two locations, is not out there in the world apart from a choice of unit.

____ can likewise be given in terms of the Fahrenheit or Celsius or Kelvin scale, and nothing in the physics changes when we switch from one scale to another.

We conclude that the choice of scale is an arbitrary choice in description, and that any ____ that depends on that choice is scale-dependent.

Even though sea creatures live in it, they still need to take in water for their bodies ____ function properly.

They just need to get rid of any extra salt it might ____ with it.

Salt absorbs ____ like a sponge.

If you put a tiny mountain of salt on ____ small plate, then add enough water to the side, making sure an edge touches the salt, the salt will absorb the water.

Now you have a pile of wet salt. ____ that it has increased in size.

The ____ principle applies to sea creatures.

If the ____ fluids in a sea animal are saltier than the seawater it lives in, then the extra salt in the creature's body will absorb seawater.

This ____ cause them to swell up.

On the other hand, if the amount ____ salt in the seawater is higher than the amount of salt in the body fluids of a sea animal, the extra salt in the water will draw fluids out of the creature's body, causing it to dehydrate and shrink.

Distinguishing moths from butterflies on outward appearance is not always easy, but there are a few ____ of thumb that can help.

In most butterflies the antennae end with a small club-shaped ____ whereas in moths they are usually feathery or narrow to a fine tip.

Butterflies tend to rest with ____ wings held shut above their body, whereas moths more usually rest with the upper sides of the wings on full view.

____ distinctions can be made by looking for a tiny hook that joins fore- and hindwings, a feature only present in moths.

The stereotypical differences, with moths cast ____ the gloomy, nocturnal cousins of colourful sun-loving butterflies are simply wrong.

There are many brightly ____ moths and many which are active throughout the day.

Equally, there are a few ____ butterflies and plenty that come clothed in shades of brown and grey.

It's more sensible to think of them together; both ____ and moths are beautiful and fascinating insects.

There are numerous ways wildlife is managed, ____ they all imply stewardship and can be classified into two broad categories: active management and inactive management.

Active management does something to the population ― such as increasing or decreasing its size ― in a direct manner through strategies like ____ or hunting, respectively.

Populations can also be actively managed by altering the habitat to the benefit or disadvantage ____ a population.

If population numbers are too low for the goal of management agencies, ____ active management can be incorporated, such as predator control to minimize neonatal deaths or habitat improvement to provide required cover for neonates from predators.

These efforts represent active approaches to ____

Other populations may not be ____ managed, like those in national parks.

In such ____ management activities minimize external influences on populations and habitat, which often involves management of humans and not animals.

Waste has ____ been seen as a necessary driver of the economy.

Sales are tied ____ the amount of a product supplied, which is directly dependent on the demand for that product.

Therefore, if you design the product to eventually be wasted, you can ____ that the demand for more products will be sustained.

Many strategies have been incorporated into product design and use to ensure that waste is inevitable, such as ____ obsolescence, limited access to tools for repairs, and use of cheap materials.

All these strategies ensure that the consumer will have limited access to ____ product in use and will eventually require a replacement.

Those who ____ the idea that waste is necessary to drive demand failed to realize that prioritizing the elimination of waste via repair and remanufacturing creates a different kind of demand: products as a service.

Through this setup, companies simply lease out products that were ____ sold directly to the customer.

With this transition of ownership, companies maintain profit by offering maintenance and repair services and ____ encouraged to develop long-lasting products.

Viewing time as a purchasable and consistent product cemented artificial ____ on time into our psyche, but every now and again we are forced to acknowledge this mistake.

On twenty-six occasions in ____ last fifty years, a second has been added to everyone's day to adjust for the Earth wobbling and the rate of its spin changing.

For instance, when El Nino, a climatic system in the Pacific, causes wind speed to change dramatically, it can slow the rotation of the Earth ____

Indeed, the Earth's spin is generally slowing because the ____ gravity is acting as a drag, so days are getting longer by about 1.7 milliseconds per century.

Such events disturb the similarity between man-made time and more ____ time based on the Earth's naturally occurring rotation.

When events like this happen, a bunch of ____ make the decision to add a small slice of time to your day, without your knowledge.

We try to force our fixed, man-made view of time on to ____ in the false hope that it will yield.

It doesn't. Humans, who have long viewed that time is stable, have continuously made modifications, sticking to their belief that their efforts can eliminate the ____ between man-made time and natural time.

When your hand is hanging at your side and then you lift it, opposing muscles on your upper arm shorten and lengthen ― contract and relax ― to bend the ____

Biceps contract, ____ triceps relax.

Reversing ____ motion, when you drop your hand back down, muscles reverse roles.

Triceps contract, and ____ relax.

Lift your hand or drop it, and ____ shows what it is: a system of coordination, managed by orchestrated tension.

As arms and ____ rotate around joints, muscles activate and deactivate, contract and relax.

All physical ____ is paradoxical, in this sense: Movement depends on what muscles don't do, as much as it depends on what they do.

Both are necessary, each in its time ― and the same is true of each side of the ____ of concepts shaping how we talk of muscles.

____ with nature versus nurture: Some people are stronger or more muscular than others; is the difference inborn, or does it depend on what people do?

To the latter question: ____ do you do?

Do you have to lift weights, ____ is walking enough exercise?

How should you do the exercise? Should you move ____ or slowly?

____ heavy weights or lighter ones?

Put like that, basic questions about muscle ____ sound like they have one right answer.

Oppositions can polarize. But where ____ is concerned, few oppositions are true polarities.

____ closely, and most prove to be paradoxes.

Born and made, heavy and light, fast and slow: Those ____ actually require each other.