2023년 6월 고3 모의고사 변형 (31-42번)

People have always needed ____ eat, and they always will.

Rising emphasis on self-expression values does not put an end ____ material desires.

But prevailing economic orientations are gradually being ____

People who work in the knowledge sector ____ to seek high salaries, but they place equal or greater emphasis on doing stimulating work and being able to follow their own time schedules.

Consumption is becoming progressively less determined by the need ____ sustenance and the practical use of the goods consumed.

People still eat, but a ____ component of food’s value is determined by its nonmaterial aspects.

People pay a premium to eat exotic cuisines that provide an interesting experience ____ that symbolize a distinctive life-style.

The publics of postindustrial societies place growing emphasis on “political consumerism,” such ____ boycotting goods whose production violates ecological or ethical standards.

Consumption is less and less a ____ of sustenance and more and more a question of life-style ― and choice.

In labor-sharing groups, people contribute labor to other people on a regular basis (for seasonal agricultural work such as harvesting) or on an irregular basis (in the event of a crisis such as the ____ to rebuild a barn damaged by fire).

Labor sharing groups are part of what ____ been called a “moral economy” since no one keeps formal records on how much any family puts in or takes out.

Instead, ____ is socially regulated.

The group has ____ sense of moral community based on years of trust and sharing.

____ a certain community of North America, labor sharing is a major economic factor of social cohesion.

When a family needs a new barn or faces repair work that ____ group labor, a barn-raising party is called.

Many families show up to help. Adult men ____ manual labor, and adult women provide food for the event.

Later, when another family ____ help, they call on the same people.

Whatever their differences, scientists and artists ____ with the same question: can you and I see the same thing the same way? If so, how?

The scientific thinker looks ____ features of the thing that can be stripped of subjectivity ― ideally, those aspects that can be quantified and whose values will thus never change from one observer to the next.

In this way, ____ arrives at a reality independent of all observers.

The artist, on the other ____ relies on the strength of her artistry to effect a marriage between her own subjectivity and that of her readers.

To a scientific thinker, this must sound like magical ____ you’re saying you will imagine something so hard it’ll pop into someone else’s head exactly the way you envision it?

The artist ____ sought the opposite of the scientist’s observer-independent reality.

She creates a reality dependent upon ____ indeed a reality in which human beings must participate in order for it to exist at all.

One ____ the common themes of the Western philosophical tradition is the distinction between sensual perceptions and rational knowledge.

Since Plato, the supremacy of rational ____ is based on the assertion that it is able to extract true knowledge from experience.

As the discussion in the Republic helps to explain, perceptions are inherently unreliable and misleading because the senses are subject to errors and ____

Only the rational discourse has the tools to overcome illusions ____ to point towards true knowledge.

____ instance, perception suggests that a figure in the distance is smaller than it really is.

Yet, the application of logical reasoning will reveal that the figure ____ appears small because it obeys the laws of geometrical perspective.

Nevertheless, even after the perspectival correction is applied and reason concludes that perception is misleading, the figure still appears small, and the truth of the matter is revealed not in the perception of the figure ____ in its rational representation.

____ experts do not suffer as much as beginners when performing complex tasks or combining multiple tasks.

Because experts ____ extensive practice within a limited domain, the key component skills in their domain tend to be highly practiced and more automated.

Each of these highly practiced skills then demands relatively few cognitive ____ effectively lowering the total cognitive load that experts experience.

____ experts can perform complex tasks and combine multiple tasks relatively easily.

This is not because they necessarily have more cognitive resources ____ beginners; rather, because of the high level of fluency they have achieved in performing key skills, they can do more with what they have.

Beginners, on the other hand, have not achieved the ____ degree of fluency and automaticity in each of the component skills, and thus they struggle to combine skills that experts combine with relative ease and efficiency.

The growing complexity of computer software ____ direct implications for our global safety and security, particularly as the physical objects upon which we depend ― things like cars, airplanes, bridges, tunnels, and implantable medical devices ― transform themselves into computer code.

____ things are increasingly becoming information technologies.

Cars are “computers we ride in,” and airplanes ____ nothing more than “flying Solaris boxes attached to bucketfuls of industrial control systems.”

As all this code grows in size and complexity, ____ too do the number of errors and software bugs.

According to a study by Carnegie ____ University, commercial software typically has twenty to thirty bugs for every thousand lines of code ― 50 million lines of code means 1 million to 1.5 million potential errors to be exploited.

This is the basis for all malware attacks that take advantage of these computer bugs ____ get the code to do something it was not originally intended to do.

As computer code grows more elaborate, software bugs ____ and security suffers, with increasing consequences for society at large.

Darwin ____ blushing as uniquely human, representing an involuntary physical reaction caused by embarrassment and self-consciousness in a social environment.

If we feel awkward, embarrassed or ashamed when ____ are alone, we don’t blush; it seems to be caused by our concern about what others are thinking of us.

Studies have confirmed that simply ____ told you are blushing brings it on.

We feel as though others can see through our skin and ____ our mind.

However, while we sometimes want to disappear when we involuntarily go bright red, psychologists ____ that blushing actually serves a positive social purpose.

When we blush, it’s a signal to ____ that we recognize that a social norm has been broken; it is an apology for a faux pas.

Maybe our ____ loss of face benefits the long-term cohesion of the group.

Interestingly, if someone blushes after making a social mistake, they are viewed in a more favourable ____ than those who don’t blush.

As particular practices are repeated over time and become more widely ____ the values that they embody are reinforced and reproduced and we speak of them as becoming ‘institutionalized’.

In some cases, this institutionalization has a formal face to it, with rules and ____ written down, and specialized roles created to ensure that procedures are followed correctly.

The main institutions of state ― parliament, courts, police and so on ― along with certain ____ the professions, exhibit this formal character.

Other social institutions, ____ the majority, are not like this; science is an example.

Although scientists are trained in the substantive content of their discipline, they ____ not formally instructed in ‘how to be a good scientist’.

Instead, much like the young child learning how to play ‘nicely’, the apprentice scientist gains ____ or her understanding of the moral values inherent in the role by absorption from their colleagues ― socialization.

We think that these values, along with the values that inform many of the professions, are under threat, just as the value of the ____ themselves is under threat.

When trees grow together, nutrients and water can be optimally divided among them all so that each tree can grow ____ the best tree it can be.

If you “help” individual trees ____ getting rid of their supposed competition, the remaining trees are bereft.

They send messages out to their neighbors ____ because nothing remains but stumps.

Every tree now grows on its own, giving ____ to great differences in productivity.

Some individuals photosynthesize like mad until sugar positively bubbles ____ their trunk.

As a result, they are fit and grow better, but they ____ particularly long-lived.

This is because a ____ can be only as strong as the forest that surrounds it.

And there ____ now a lot of losers in the forest.

Weaker members, who would once have been supported by the ____ ones, suddenly fall behind.

Whether the reason for their decline is their location ____ lack of nutrients, a passing sickness, or genetic makeup, they now fall prey to insects and fungi.

The evolutionary process works on ____ genetic variation that is available.

It follows that natural selection ____ unlikely to lead to the evolution of perfect, ‘maximally fit’ individuals.

Rather, organisms come to match their environments by being ‘the fittest available’ or ‘the fittest yet’: they are not ____ best imaginable’.

Part of the lack of fit arises because the present properties of an organism have not all ____ in an environment similar in every respect to the one in which it now lives.

Over ____ course of its evolutionary history, an organism’s remote ancestors may have evolved a set of characteristics ― evolutionary ‘baggage’ ― that subsequently constrain future evolution.

For many millions of years, the evolution of vertebrates has ____ limited to what can be achieved by organisms with a vertebral column.

Moreover, much of what we now see as precise matches between an organism and its environment may equally be seen as constraints: koala bears live successfully on Eucalyptus foliage, but, from another perspective, koala bears cannot live without Eucalyptus ____

Many negotiators ____ that all negotiations involve a fixed pie.

Negotiators often approach integrative negotiation opportunities as zero-sum ____ or win-lose exchanges.

____ who believe in the mythical fixed pie assume that parties’ interests stand in opposition, with no possibility for integrative settlements and mutually beneficial trade-offs, so they suppress efforts to search for them.

In a hiring negotiation, a job applicant who assumes that salary is the only issue may insist ____ $75,000 when the employer is offering $70,000.

Only when the two parties discuss the possibilities further do they discover that moving expenses and starting date can also be negotiated, ____ may facilitate resolution of the salary issue.

The tendency to see negotiation in fixed-pie ____ varies depending on how people view the nature of a given conflict situation.

This was shown in a clever experiment by Harinck, de Dreu, and Van ____ involving a simulated negotiation between prosecutors and defense lawyers over jail sentences.

Some participants were told to view their goals in terms of personal gain (e.g., ____ a particular jail sentence will help your career), others were told to view their goals in terms of effectiveness (a particular sentence is most likely to prevent recidivism), and still others were told to focus on values (a particular jail sentence is fair and just).

Negotiators focusing on personal gain were most likely to come under the influence of fixed-pie beliefs and approach the situation ____

Negotiators focusing on values were ____ likely to see the problem in fixed-pie terms and more inclined to approach the situation cooperatively.

____ conditions such as time constraints contribute to this common misperception, which in turn may lead to less integrative agreements.