2023년 6월 고3 모의고사 변형 (31-42번)

____ have always needed to eat, and they always will.

Rising emphasis on self-expression values ____ not put an end to material desires.

But ____ economic orientations are gradually being reshaped.

People who work in the knowledge sector continue to seek high salaries, but they place equal or greater emphasis on ____ stimulating work and being able to follow their own time schedules.

Consumption is becoming progressively less determined by the need for sustenance and the practical use of the ____ consumed.

____ still eat, but a growing component of food’s value is determined by its nonmaterial aspects.

____ pay a premium to eat exotic cuisines that provide an interesting experience or that symbolize a distinctive life-style.

The ____ of postindustrial societies place growing emphasis on “political consumerism,” such as boycotting goods whose production violates ecological or ethical standards.

Consumption is less and less a matter of ____ and more and more a question of life-style ― and choice.

In labor-sharing groups, people contribute labor to other people on a regular basis (for seasonal ____ work such as harvesting) or on an irregular basis (in the event of a crisis such as the need to rebuild a barn damaged by fire).

Labor sharing groups are part of what has been called a “moral economy” since no one keeps formal records on how much any family puts in or takes ____.

Instead, accounting is ____ regulated.

The group has a sense of moral ____ based on years of trust and sharing.

In a ____ community of North America, labor sharing is a major economic factor of social cohesion.

When a family needs a new ____ or faces repair work that requires group labor, a barn-raising party is called.

Many families show up to help. ____ men provide manual labor, and adult women provide food for the event.

Later, when another family needs help, they call on the ____ people.

Whatever their differences, ____ and artists begin with the same question: can you and I see the same thing the same way? If so, how?

The scientific thinker looks for features of the thing that can be stripped of subjectivity ― ideally, those aspects that can be quantified and whose values will thus never ____ from one observer to the next.

In this ____, he arrives at a reality independent of all observers.

The ____, on the other hand, relies on the strength of her artistry to effect a marriage between her own subjectivity and that of her readers.

To a scientific thinker, this must sound like magical thinking: you’re saying you will imagine something so hard it’ll pop into ____ else’s head exactly the way you envision it?

The artist has sought the opposite of the scientist’s ____ reality.

She creates a reality ____ upon observers, indeed a reality in which human beings must participate in order for it to exist at all.

____ of the common themes of the Western philosophical tradition is the distinction between sensual perceptions and rational knowledge.

Since ____, the supremacy of rational reason is based on the assertion that it is able to extract true knowledge from experience.

As the discussion in the Republic helps to explain, ____ are inherently unreliable and misleading because the senses are subject to errors and illusions.

Only the ____ discourse has the tools to overcome illusions and to point towards true knowledge.

For instance, perception suggests that a figure in the distance is ____ than it really is.

Yet, the application of logical reasoning will reveal that the figure only appears small ____ it obeys the laws of geometrical perspective.

Nevertheless, even after the perspectival correction is applied and reason concludes that perception is misleading, the ____ still appears small, and the truth of the matter is revealed not in the perception of the figure but in its rational representation.

Interestingly, experts do not suffer as much as ____ when performing complex tasks or combining multiple tasks.

Because experts have extensive practice ____ a limited domain, the key component skills in their domain tend to be highly practiced and more automated.

Each of these highly practiced skills then demands relatively few cognitive ____, effectively lowering the total cognitive load that experts experience.

Thus, experts can ____ complex tasks and combine multiple tasks relatively easily.

This is not because they ____ have more cognitive resources than beginners; rather, because of the high level of fluency they have achieved in performing key skills, they can do more with what they have.

Beginners, on the other hand, have not achieved the same degree of ____ and automaticity in each of the component skills, and thus they struggle to combine skills that experts combine with relative ease and efficiency.

The growing complexity of computer software has direct implications for our global safety and security, particularly as the physical objects upon which we depend ― things like cars, airplanes, bridges, tunnels, and implantable medical devices ― transform themselves into ____ code.

Physical ____ are increasingly becoming information technologies.

Cars are “computers we ride in,” and airplanes are nothing more than “flying Solaris boxes ____ to bucketfuls of industrial control systems.”

As all this code ____ in size and complexity, so too do the number of errors and software bugs.

According to a study by Carnegie Mellon University, commercial software typically has twenty to thirty bugs for every thousand lines of ____ ― 50 million lines of code means 1 million to 1.5 million potential errors to be exploited.

This is the basis for all malware attacks that take advantage of these computer bugs to get the code to do something it was ____ originally intended to do.

As computer code grows more elaborate, software bugs flourish and security suffers, with increasing consequences for society at ____.

____ saw blushing as uniquely human, representing an involuntary physical reaction caused by embarrassment and self-consciousness in a social environment.

If we feel awkward, embarrassed or ashamed ____ we are alone, we don’t blush; it seems to be caused by our concern about what others are thinking of us.

Studies have confirmed that simply being told ____ are blushing brings it on.

We feel as though others can see ____ our skin and into our mind.

However, while we sometimes want to ____ when we involuntarily go bright red, psychologists argue that blushing actually serves a positive social purpose.

When we blush, it’s a signal to others that we recognize that a social norm has ____ broken; it is an apology for a faux pas.

Maybe our brief loss of ____ benefits the long-term cohesion of the group.

Interestingly, if someone blushes after making a social mistake, they are viewed in a more favourable light ____ those who don’t blush.

As particular practices are repeated over ____ and become more widely shared, the values that they embody are reinforced and reproduced and we speak of them as becoming ‘institutionalized’.

In some cases, this institutionalization has a formal face to it, with rules and protocols written down, and specialized roles created to ____ that procedures are followed correctly.

The ____ institutions of state ― parliament, courts, police and so on ― along with certain of the professions, exhibit this formal character.

Other social institutions, perhaps the ____, are not like this; science is an example.

Although scientists are trained in the substantive content of their discipline, they are not formally ____ in ‘how to be a good scientist’.

Instead, much like the young child learning how to play ‘nicely’, the apprentice scientist gains his or her ____ of the moral values inherent in the role by absorption from their colleagues ― socialization.

We think that these values, along with the values that inform many of the professions, are under threat, just as the value of the ____ themselves is under threat.

When trees grow together, nutrients and water can be optimally divided among ____ all so that each tree can grow into the best tree it can be.

If you “help” ____ trees by getting rid of their supposed competition, the remaining trees are bereft.

They send ____ out to their neighbors unsuccessfully, because nothing remains but stumps.

Every ____ now grows on its own, giving rise to great differences in productivity.

Some individuals ____ like mad until sugar positively bubbles along their trunk.

As a result, they are fit and grow ____, but they aren’t particularly long-lived.

This is ____ a tree can be only as strong as the forest that surrounds it.

And there are now a ____ of losers in the forest.

Weaker members, who would once have been supported by the stronger ones, suddenly fall ____.

Whether the reason for their decline is their location and lack of nutrients, a passing ____, or genetic makeup, they now fall prey to insects and fungi.

The ____ process works on the genetic variation that is available.

It follows that natural selection is unlikely to lead to the evolution of ____, ‘maximally fit’ individuals.

Rather, organisms come to match their environments by being ‘the fittest available’ or ‘the fittest yet’: they are not ‘the best ____’.

Part of the lack of fit arises because the present properties of an organism have not all originated in an environment similar in every respect to the one in which it ____ lives.

Over the course of its evolutionary ____, an organism’s remote ancestors may have evolved a set of characteristics ― evolutionary ‘baggage’ ― that subsequently constrain future evolution.

For many millions of years, the ____ of vertebrates has been limited to what can be achieved by organisms with a vertebral column.

Moreover, much of what we now see as precise matches between an organism and its environment may equally be seen as constraints: koala bears ____ successfully on Eucalyptus foliage, but, from another perspective, koala bears cannot live without Eucalyptus foliage.

____ negotiators assume that all negotiations involve a fixed pie.

Negotiators often approach integrative negotiation opportunities as zero-sum ____ or win-lose exchanges.

Those who believe in the mythical fixed pie assume that parties’ interests stand in opposition, with no possibility for integrative ____ and mutually beneficial trade-offs, so they suppress efforts to search for them.

In a hiring negotiation, a job applicant who assumes that salary is the only issue may insist on $75,000 when the employer is offering ____

Only when the two parties discuss the possibilities further do they discover that moving expenses and starting date can also be negotiated, which ____ facilitate resolution of the salary issue.

The tendency to see ____ in fixed-pie terms varies depending on how people view the nature of a given conflict situation.

This was shown in a clever experiment by Harinck, de Dreu, and Van Vianen involving a simulated negotiation between prosecutors and defense lawyers over jail ____.

Some participants were told to view their goals in ____ of personal gain (e.g., arranging a particular jail sentence will help your career), others were told to view their goals in terms of effectiveness (a particular sentence is most likely to prevent recidivism), and still others were told to focus on values (a particular jail sentence is fair and just).

Negotiators focusing on personal gain were most likely to come under the influence of fixed-pie beliefs and approach the ____ competitively.

Negotiators focusing on ____ were least likely to see the problem in fixed-pie terms and more inclined to approach the situation cooperatively.

Stressful conditions such as time constraints contribute to this common ____, which in turn may lead to less integrative agreements.