2023년 9월 고2 모의고사 변형 (31-42번)

Rebels may think they’re rebels, but clever marketers influence them just like the rest ____ us.

Saying, “Everyone is ____ it” may turn some people off from an idea.

These people will look ____ alternatives, which (if cleverly planned) can be exactly what a marketer or persuader wants you to believe.

If I want you to consider an idea, and know you strongly reject popular opinion in favor of maintaining your independence ____ uniqueness,

I would ____ the majority option first, which you would reject in favor of my actual preference.

We are often tricked when we try to maintain ____ position of defiance.

People use this reversal to make usindependently” choose an option which suits ____ purposes.

Some brands have taken full effect of our defiance towards the mainstream and positioned themselves as rebels; which ____ created even stronger brand loyalty.

A typical soap opera creates an abstract world, in which a highly complex web of relationships connects fictional characters that exist first only in the minds of the program’s ____ and are then recreated in the minds of the viewer.

If you were to think about how much human psychology, law, and even everyday physics the viewer must know ____ order to follow and speculate about the plot, you would discover it is considerable — at least as much as the knowledge required to follow and speculate about a piece of modern mathematics, and in most cases, much more.

Yet viewers follow soap ____ with ease.

How ____ they able to cope with such abstraction?

Because, of course, the abstraction is built ____ an extremely familiar framework.

The characters ____ a soap opera and the relationships between them are very much like the real people and relationships we experience every day.

The abstraction of a ____ opera is only a step removed from the real world.

The mental “training” required to follow a soap opera is provided ____ our everyday lives.

As always happens with natural ____ bats and their prey have been engaged in a lifeordeath sensory arms race for millions of years.

It’s believed that hearing in moths arose specifically in response to the threat of being eaten by ____ (Not all insects can hear.)

Over millions of ____ moths have evolved the ability to detect sounds at ever higher frequencies, and, as they have, the frequencies of bats’ vocalizations have risen, too.

Some moth species have also evolved scales on their wings and a furlike coat on their bodies; both act as “acoustic camouflage,” by absorbing ____ waves in the frequencies emitted by bats, thereby preventing those sound waves from bouncing back.

The B2 bomber and other “stealth” aircraft have fuselages made of materials that do something similar ____ radar beams.

Much of human thought is designed to screen out information ____ to sort the rest into a manageable condition.

The inflow of data from our senses could create an overwhelming chaos, especially given the ____ amount of information available in culture and society.

____ of all the sensory impressions and possible information, it is vital to find a small amount that is most relevant to our individual needs and to organize that into a usable stock of knowledge.

Expectancies accomplish some of this work, helping to screen out information that is irrelevant to what is expected, and ____ our attention on clear contradictions.

The processes of learning and memory are marked by a steady elimination ____ information.

People notice only a part of the ____ around them.

____ only a fraction of what they notice gets processed and stored into memory.

And only part ____ what gets committed to memory can be retrieved.

The irony of early democracy in Europe is that it thrived and prospered precisely because European rulers for a very long time were remarkably ____

For more than a millennium after the fall of Rome, European rulers lacked the ability ____ assess what their people were producing and to levy substantial taxes based on this.

The most striking way to illustrate European weakness is ____ show how little revenue they collected.

Europeans would eventually develop strong systems of revenue ____ but it took them an awfully long time to do so.

____ medieval times, and for part of the early modern era,

Chinese emperors and Muslim caliphs were able to extract much more of economic production than any European ruler with the exception of ____ citystates.

If you drive down a busy street, you will find many ____ businesses, often right next to one another.

For example, in most places a consumer in search of a quick meal has many ____ and more fastfood restaurants appear all the time.

These ____ firms advertise heavily.

The temptation is to see advertising as driving up the price of a product ____ any benefit to the consumer.

However, this misconception doesn’t account for why firms ____

In markets where competitors sell slightly differentiated products, advertising enables firms ____ inform their customers about new products and services.

Yes, costs rise, but ____ also gain information to help make purchasing decisions.

Consumers also benefit from added variety, and we all get a product that’s pretty close to our vision of a perfect good ____ and no other market structure delivers that outcome.

____ might say a machine can never design an innovative or impressive building because a computer cannot be “creative.”

Yet consider the Elbphilharmonie, a new concert hall in Hamburg, which contains a remarkably beautiful auditorium composed of ten thousand ____ acoustic panels.

It is the sort of space that makes one instinctively think that only a ____ being — and a human with a remarkably refined creative sensibility, at that — could design something so aesthetically impressive.

Yet the auditorium was, in fact, designed algorithmically, using a technique ____ as “parametric design.”

The architects gave the system a set of criteria, and it ____ a set of possible designs for the architects to choose from.

Similar software ____ been used to design lightweight bicycle frames and sturdier chairs, among much else.

Are these ____ behaving “creatively”?

No, they are using lots of processing power to blindly generate varied possible designs, working in a very different way ____ a human being.

____ brain is a highenergy consumer of glucose, which is its fuel.

Although the brain accounts for merely 3 ____ of a person’s body weight, it consumes 20 percent of the available fuel.

Your brain ____ store fuel, however, so it has to “pay as it goes.”

Since your brain is incredibly adaptive, it economizes ____ fuel resources.

Thus, during a period of high stress, it shifts away from the analysis of the nuances of a situation ____ a singular and fixed focus on the stressful situation at hand.

You don’t sit back ____ speculate about the meaning of life when you are stressed.

Instead, you devote all your energy to trying to figure ____ what action to take.

Sometimes, however, this shift from the higherthinking parts of the brain to the automatic and reflexive parts of the brain can lead you to do something ____ quickly, without thinking.

Much research has been carried out on the causes of engagement, an issue that is important from ____ a theoretical and practical standpoint: identifying the drivers of work engagement may enable us to manipulate or influence it.

____ causes of engagement fall into two major camps: situational and personal.

The most influential situational causes are job resources, feedback and leadership, the latter, ____ course, being responsible for job resources and feedback.

Indeed, leaders influence engagement by giving their employees honest and constructive feedback on their performance, and by providing them with the necessary resources ____ enable them to perform their job well.

It is, however, noteworthy that although engagement drives job performance, job performance ____ drives engagement.

In other words, when employees are able to do their jobs well — to the point that they match or exceed their ____ expectations and ambitions — they will engage more, be proud of their achievements, and find work more meaningful.

This is especially evident when people ____ employed in jobs that align with their values.

In 2006, researchers conducted ____ study on the motivations for helping after the September 11th terrorist attacks against the United States.

In the study, they found that individuals who gave money, blood, goods, ____ other forms of assistance because of otherfocused motives (giving to reduce another’s discomfort) were almost four times more likely to still be giving support one year later than those whose original motivation was to reduce personal distress.

This effect likely stems from differences in ____ arousal.

The events of September ____ emotionally affected people throughout the United States.

Those who gave to reduce their own distress reduced their emotional arousal ____ their initial gift, discharging that emotional distress.

However, those who gave to reduce others’ distress did not stop empathizing ____ victims who continued to struggle long after the attacks.

A study found that the act of giving was less likely to be sustained when driven by selfcentered motives rather than by otherfocused motives, possibly because of ____ decline in emotional arousal.

In England in the 1680s, it was unusual to live to ____ age of fifty.

This was a period when knowledge was not spread widely, there were few books and most ____ could not read.

As a consequence, knowledge passed down through ____ oral traditions of stories and shared experiences.

And since older people had accumulated more knowledge, the social norm was that to be over fifty was to be ____

This social perception of ____ began to shift with the advent of new technologies such as the printing press.

Over time, as more books were printed, literacy ____ and the oral traditions of knowledge transfer began to fade.

With the fading of oral traditions, the wisdom of the old became less important and as a ____ being over fifty was no longer seen as signifying wisdom.

We are living in ____ period when the gap between chronological and biological age is changing fast and where social norms are struggling to adapt.

In a video produced by the AARP (formerly the ____ Association of Retired Persons), young people were asked to do various activities ‘just like an old person’.

When older people joined them ____ the video, the gap between the stereotype and the older people’s actual behaviour was striking.

It is clear that in today’s world our social norms need ____ be updated quickly.