2023년 9월 고2 모의고사 변형 (31-42번)

Rebels may ____ they’re rebels, but clever marketers influence them just like the rest of us.

Saying, ____ is doing it” may turn some people off from an idea.

These people will look for alternatives, which (if cleverly planned) can be exactly what a marketer or persuader ____ you to believe.

If I want you to consider an idea, and ____ you strongly reject popular opinion in favor of maintaining your independence and uniqueness,

I would present the majority option first, ____ you would reject in favor of my actual preference.

We are often tricked when we try to maintain a position of ____

People use this reversal to make usindependently” ____ an option which suits their purposes.

Some brands have taken full effect of ____ defiance towards the mainstream and positioned themselves as rebels; which has created even stronger brand loyalty.

A typical soap opera creates an abstract world, in which a ____ complex web of relationships connects fictional characters that exist first only in the minds of the program’s creators and are then recreated in the minds of the viewer.

If you were to think about how much human psychology, law, and even everyday physics the viewer must know in order to follow and speculate about the plot, you would discover it is considerable — at least as much as the ____ required to follow and speculate about a piece of modern mathematics, and in most cases, much more.

____ viewers follow soap operas with ease.

How are they able to ____ with such abstraction?

Because, ____ course, the abstraction is built on an extremely familiar framework.

The characters in a soap opera and the relationships between them are very much like the real people and relationships we experience ____ day.

The abstraction of a soap opera is only a step removed from the ____ world.

The mental “training” required to follow a soap ____ is provided by our everyday lives.

As always happens ____ natural selection, bats and their prey have been engaged in a lifeordeath sensory arms race for millions of years.

It’s believed that hearing in moths arose specifically in response to the threat of being eaten by bats. (Not all insects ____ hear.)

Over millions of years, moths have evolved the ability to detect sounds at ____ higher frequencies, and, as they have, the frequencies of bats’ vocalizations have risen, too.

Some moth species have also evolved scales on their wings and a furlike coat on their bodies; both act as “acoustic camouflage,” by absorbing sound waves in the ____ emitted by bats, thereby preventing those sound waves from bouncing back.

The B2 bomber and other “stealth” aircraft have fuselages made of ____ that do something similar with radar beams.

Much of human thought is designed ____ screen out information and to sort the rest into a manageable condition.

The inflow of data from our senses could create an overwhelming chaos, especially given the ____ amount of information available in culture and society.

____ of all the sensory impressions and possible information, it is vital to find a small amount that is most relevant to our individual needs and to organize that into a usable stock of knowledge.

Expectancies accomplish some of this work, helping to screen out information that is irrelevant to ____ is expected, and focusing our attention on clear contradictions.

The processes of learning and memory ____ marked by a steady elimination of information.

People notice only a part of the ____ around them.

Then, only a fraction of what they notice gets processed and ____ into memory.

And only ____ of what gets committed to memory can be retrieved.

The irony of early democracy in Europe is that it thrived and prospered ____ because European rulers for a very long time were remarkably weak.

For more than a millennium after the fall of Rome, European rulers lacked the ability to assess ____ their people were producing and to levy substantial taxes based on this.

The most ____ way to illustrate European weakness is to show how little revenue they collected.

Europeans ____ eventually develop strong systems of revenue collection, but it took them an awfully long time to do so.

In medieval times, and for part of the early ____ era,

Chinese emperors and Muslim caliphs were able to extract much more of economic production than any European ruler with the exception of small ____

If you drive down a busy street, you will find many competing businesses, ____ right next to one another.

For example, in most places a consumer in search of a quick meal has many choices, and ____ fastfood restaurants appear all the time.

These competing firms ____ heavily.

The temptation is ____ see advertising as driving up the price of a product without any benefit to the consumer.

However, this misconception doesn’t account ____ why firms advertise.

In markets where competitors ____ slightly differentiated products, advertising enables firms to inform their customers about new products and services.

Yes, costs rise, ____ consumers also gain information to help make purchasing decisions.

Consumers also benefit from added variety, and we all get a product that’s pretty close ____ our vision of a perfect good — and no other market structure delivers that outcome.

Architects might say a machine can never design an innovative or impressive building ____ a computer cannot be “creative.”

____ consider the Elbphilharmonie, a new concert hall in Hamburg, which contains a remarkably beautiful auditorium composed of ten thousand interlocking acoustic panels.

It is the sort of space that makes one instinctively think that only a human being — and a human with a ____ refined creative sensibility, at that — could design something so aesthetically impressive.

____ the auditorium was, in fact, designed algorithmically, using a technique known as “parametric design.”

The architects gave the system a set ____ criteria, and it generated a set of possible designs for the architects to choose from.

Similar software has been used to ____ lightweight bicycle frames and sturdier chairs, among much else.

Are these systems ____ “creatively”?

No, ____ are using lots of processing power to blindly generate varied possible designs, working in a very different way from a human being.

The brain is a highenergy consumer of glucose, which is ____ fuel.

Although the brain accounts for merely 3 percent of a person’s ____ weight, it consumes 20 percent of the available fuel.

Your ____ can’t store fuel, however, so it has to “pay as it goes.”

Since your brain is incredibly adaptive, it economizes ____ fuel resources.

Thus, during a period of high stress, it shifts away from the analysis of the nuances of ____ situation to a singular and fixed focus on the stressful situation at hand.

You ____ sit back and speculate about the meaning of life when you are stressed.

Instead, you ____ all your energy to trying to figure out what action to take.

Sometimes, however, this shift from the higherthinking parts of the brain to the automatic and reflexive parts of the brain can ____ you to do something too quickly, without thinking.

Much research has been carried out on the causes of engagement, an issue that is important ____ both a theoretical and practical standpoint: identifying the drivers of work engagement may enable us to manipulate or influence it.

The causes of engagement fall into two ____ camps: situational and personal.

The most influential situational causes are job resources, feedback and leadership, the latter, of course, being responsible for job resources ____ feedback.

Indeed, leaders influence engagement by giving their employees honest and constructive feedback on their performance, and by providing them with the necessary resources ____ enable them to perform their job well.

It is, however, noteworthy that although engagement drives job performance, job performance also ____ engagement.

In other words, when employees are able to do their jobs well — to the point that they match or exceed their own expectations and ambitions ____ they will engage more, be proud of their achievements, and find work more meaningful.

This is especially evident when people are employed in jobs that align with ____ values.

In 2006, researchers conducted a study on the motivations for helping after ____ September 11th terrorist attacks against the United States.

In the study, they found that individuals who gave money, blood, goods, or other forms of assistance because of otherfocused motives (giving to reduce another’s discomfort) were almost four times more likely to still be giving support one year later than those whose original motivation was ____ reduce personal distress.

This effect likely stems from differences ____ emotional arousal.

The ____ of September 11th emotionally affected people throughout the United States.

Those who gave to ____ their own distress reduced their emotional arousal with their initial gift, discharging that emotional distress.

However, those who gave to reduce others’ distress did not ____ empathizing with victims who continued to struggle long after the attacks.

A study found that the act of giving was less likely to be sustained when driven by selfcentered motives rather than by otherfocused motives, possibly because of the decline ____ emotional arousal.

In England in the 1680s, it was unusual to live to the age of ____

This ____ a period when knowledge was not spread widely, there were few books and most people could not read.

As a consequence, knowledge passed down ____ the oral traditions of stories and shared experiences.

And since older people had accumulated more knowledge, the social norm was that to be ____ fifty was to be wise.

This social perception of age began to ____ with the advent of new technologies such as the printing press.

Over time, as more books were ____ literacy increased, and the oral traditions of knowledge transfer began to fade.

With the fading of oral traditions, the wisdom of the old became less important and as a consequence being over fifty was no longer seen as signifying ____

We are living in a period when the gap between chronological and biological age is changing ____ and where social norms are struggling to adapt.

In a video produced ____ the AARP (formerly the American Association of Retired Persons), young people were asked to do various activities ‘just like an old person’.

When older people joined them ____ the video, the gap between the stereotype and the older people’s actual behaviour was striking.

It is clear that in today’s world our social norms need ____ be updated quickly.