2023년 9월 고2 모의고사 변형 (31-42번)

Rebels may think they’re rebels, but ____ marketers influence them just like the rest of us.

Saying, “Everyone is doing it” may turn ____ people off from an idea.

These people will look for alternatives, which (if cleverly planned) can be exactly what a marketer or ____ wants you to believe.

If I want you to ____ an idea, and know you strongly reject popular opinion in favor of maintaining your independence and uniqueness,

I would present the majority option first, ____ you would reject in favor of my actual preference.

We are often tricked when we ____ to maintain a position of defiance.

People use this reversal ____ make usindependently” choose an option which suits their purposes.

Some brands have taken full effect ____ our defiance towards the mainstream and positioned themselves as rebels; which has created even stronger brand loyalty.

A typical soap opera creates an abstract world, in which a highly complex web of relationships connects fictional characters that exist first only in the minds of the program’s creators and are then ____ in the minds of the viewer.

If you were to think about how much human psychology, law, and even everyday physics the viewer must know in order to follow and speculate about the plot, you ____ discover it is considerable — at least as much as the knowledge required to follow and speculate about a piece of modern mathematics, and in most cases, much more.

Yet viewers follow ____ operas with ease.

How are they able ____ cope with such abstraction?

Because, of course, the abstraction is ____ on an extremely familiar framework.

The characters in a soap opera and the relationships between them are very much like the real people and relationships we experience every ____

The abstraction of a soap opera is only a step removed from the ____ world.

The mental “training” required to follow a soap opera is provided by our ____ lives.

As always happens with natural selection, bats and their prey ____ been engaged in a lifeordeath sensory arms race for millions of years.

It’s believed that hearing in moths arose specifically in response to the threat of being eaten by bats. (Not all ____ can hear.)

Over millions ____ years, moths have evolved the ability to detect sounds at ever higher frequencies, and, as they have, the frequencies of bats’ vocalizations have risen, too.

Some moth species have also evolved scales on their wings and a furlike coat on their bodies; both act as “acoustic camouflage,” by absorbing sound waves in ____ frequencies emitted by bats, thereby preventing those sound waves from bouncing back.

The B2 bomber and other “stealth” aircraft have fuselages made of materials that ____ something similar with radar beams.

Much of human thought is designed to screen ____ information and to sort the rest into a manageable condition.

The inflow of data from our senses could create an overwhelming chaos, especially given the enormous amount of information available in culture and ____

Out of all the sensory impressions and possible information, it is vital to find a small amount that is most relevant to our individual needs ____ to organize that into a usable stock of knowledge.

Expectancies accomplish some of this ____ helping to screen out information that is irrelevant to what is expected, and focusing our attention on clear contradictions.

The processes of ____ and memory are marked by a steady elimination of information.

People notice ____ a part of the world around them.

Then, only a fraction of what ____ notice gets processed and stored into memory.

And only part of what gets ____ to memory can be retrieved.

The ____ of early democracy in Europe is that it thrived and prospered precisely because European rulers for a very long time were remarkably weak.

For more than a millennium after the fall of ____ European rulers lacked the ability to assess what their people were producing and to levy substantial taxes based on this.

The most striking way to illustrate European weakness is to show how ____ revenue they collected.

Europeans would eventually develop strong systems of revenue collection, but it took them an awfully long ____ to do so.

____ medieval times, and for part of the early modern era,

Chinese ____ and Muslim caliphs were able to extract much more of economic production than any European ruler with the exception of small citystates.

If you drive down a busy street, you will find many competing businesses, often right next to one ____

For ____ in most places a consumer in search of a quick meal has many choices, and more fastfood restaurants appear all the time.

These ____ firms advertise heavily.

The temptation is to see advertising as driving up the price of a product without ____ benefit to the consumer.

____ this misconception doesn’t account for why firms advertise.

In markets where competitors sell slightly differentiated products, advertising enables firms ____ inform their customers about new products and services.

Yes, costs rise, ____ consumers also gain information to help make purchasing decisions.

Consumers also benefit from added variety, and we all get a product that’s pretty close to our vision ____ a perfect good — and no other market structure delivers that outcome.

Architects might say a machine can never design an innovative or impressive ____ because a computer cannot be “creative.”

Yet consider the Elbphilharmonie, a new concert hall in Hamburg, which contains a remarkably beautiful auditorium composed of ten ____ interlocking acoustic panels.

It is the sort of space that makes one instinctively think that only a human being — and a human ____ a remarkably refined creative sensibility, at that — could design something so aesthetically impressive.

Yet the auditorium was, in fact, designed algorithmically, using a technique known as “parametric ____

The architects gave the system a set of criteria, and it generated a set of possible designs for the architects ____ choose from.

Similar software ____ been used to design lightweight bicycle frames and sturdier chairs, among much else.

Are these ____ behaving “creatively”?

No, they are using lots of processing power to blindly generate ____ possible designs, working in a very different way from a human being.

The ____ is a highenergy consumer of glucose, which is its fuel.

Although the brain accounts for merely 3 percent of a person’s body weight, it consumes 20 percent of the available ____

Your brain can’t store fuel, however, so it ____ to “pay as it goes.”

Since your brain is ____ adaptive, it economizes its fuel resources.

Thus, during a period ____ high stress, it shifts away from the analysis of the nuances of a situation to a singular and fixed focus on the stressful situation at hand.

You don’t sit back and speculate about the meaning of life when you ____ stressed.

Instead, you devote all your energy to trying to figure out ____ action to take.

Sometimes, however, this shift from the higherthinking parts of the ____ to the automatic and reflexive parts of the brain can lead you to do something too quickly, without thinking.

Much research has been carried out on the causes of engagement, an issue that is important from ____ a theoretical and practical standpoint: identifying the drivers of work engagement may enable us to manipulate or influence it.

The causes of engagement fall ____ two major camps: situational and personal.

The most influential situational causes are job resources, feedback and leadership, the latter, of course, being responsible for job resources and ____

Indeed, leaders influence engagement by giving their employees honest and constructive feedback on their performance, and by providing them with the necessary resources ____ enable them to perform their job well.

____ is, however, noteworthy that although engagement drives job performance, job performance also drives engagement.

In other words, when employees are able to do their jobs well — to the point that they match or exceed their own expectations and ambitions — ____ will engage more, be proud of their achievements, and find work more meaningful.

This ____ especially evident when people are employed in jobs that align with their values.

In 2006, researchers conducted a study ____ the motivations for helping after the September 11th terrorist attacks against the United States.

In the study, they found that individuals who gave money, blood, goods, or other ____ of assistance because of otherfocused motives (giving to reduce another’s discomfort) were almost four times more likely to still be giving support one year later than those whose original motivation was to reduce personal distress.

This effect likely stems from differences in emotional ____

____ events of September 11th emotionally affected people throughout the United States.

Those who gave to reduce their own distress reduced their emotional ____ with their initial gift, discharging that emotional distress.

However, those who gave ____ reduce others’ distress did not stop empathizing with victims who continued to struggle long after the attacks.

A study found that the act of giving was less likely to be sustained when driven by selfcentered motives rather than by ____ motives, possibly because of the decline in emotional arousal.

In England in the 1680s, ____ was unusual to live to the age of fifty.

This was a period when knowledge was not spread widely, there were few books and most people could ____ read.

As a consequence, knowledge passed down through the oral traditions of stories ____ shared experiences.

And since older people had accumulated more knowledge, the social norm was that to ____ over fifty was to be wise.

This social perception of age began to shift with the ____ of new technologies such as the printing press.

Over time, as more books were printed, literacy increased, ____ the oral traditions of knowledge transfer began to fade.

With the fading of oral traditions, the wisdom of the ____ became less important and as a consequence being over fifty was no longer seen as signifying wisdom.

We are living in a period when the gap between chronological and biological age is changing fast ____ where social norms are struggling to adapt.

In a video produced by the AARP (formerly the American Association ____ Retired Persons), young people were asked to do various activities ‘just like an old person’.

When older people joined them in the video, the gap between the stereotype and the older people’s actual behaviour ____ striking.

____ is clear that in today’s world our social norms need to be updated quickly.