2024년 9월 고2 모의고사 변형 (31-42번)

When ____ get an unfavorable outcome, in some ways the last thing we want to hear is that the process was fair.

As outraging as the combination of an unfavorable outcome and an unfair process is, this combination also brings with ____ a consolation prize: the possibility of attributing the bad outcome to something other than ourselves.

We may reassure ourselves by believing that our bad outcome had little to do with us and everything to do with the unfair ____

If the process is fair, however, we cannot ____ as easily externalize the outcome; we got what we got "fair and square."

When the process is fair we believe that our outcome is deserved, which is ____ way of saying that there must have been something about ourselves (what we did or who we are) that caused the outcome.

The well-known American ethnologist Alfred Louis Kroeber made a rich and in-depth study of women's evening dress ____ the West, stretching back about three centuries and using reproductions of engravings.

Having adjusted the dimensions of these plates due to their diverse origins, he was able to analyse the constant elements in fashion features and to ____ up with a study that was neither intuitive nor approximate, but precise, mathematical and statistical.

He reduced women's clothing to a certain number of features: length and size of the skirt, size and depth of the neckline, ____ of the waistline.

He demonstrated unambiguously that fashion is a profoundly regular ____ which is not located at the level of annual variations but on the scale of history.

For practically 300 years, women's ____ was subject to a very precise periodic cycle: forms reach the furthest point in their variations every fifty years.

If, at any one moment, skirts are at their longest, fifty years later they will be at their shortest; thus skirts become long again fifty years after being short ____ a hundred years after being long.

Over the last few centuries, humanity's collective prosperity has skyrocketed, as ____ progress has made us far wealthier than ever before.

To share out those riches, almost all societies have settled upon the market mechanism, rewarding people in various ways for the work that they do and the things that ____ own.

But rising inequality, itself often ____ by technology, has started to put that mechanism under strain.

Today, ____ already provide immense rewards to some people but leave many others with very little.

And now, technological unemployment threatens to become a more radical version of the same story, ____ place in the particular market we rely upon the most: the labor market.

As that market begins to break down, more and more ____ will be in danger of not receiving a share of society's prosperity at all.

It's often ____ that those who can't do, teach.

It would be more accurate to say that those who ____ do, can't teach the basics.

____ great deal of expert knowledge is implicit, not explicit.

____ further you progress toward mastery, the less conscious awareness you often have of the fundamentals.

Experiments show that skilled ____ and wine aficionados have a hard time describing their putting and tasting techniques ― even asking them to explain their approaches is enough to interfere with their performance, so they often stay on autopilot.

When I first saw an elite diver do ____ and a half somersaults, I asked how he managed to spin so fast.

____ answer: "Just go up in a ball."

Experts often ____ an intuitive understanding of a route, but they struggle to clearly express all the steps to take.

Their ____ dump is partially filled with garbage.

Minimal processing can be one of the best ways to keep original flavors and taste, without any need to add artificial flavoring or ____ or too much salt.

This would also be the efficient way to keep most ____ especially the most sensitive ones such as many vitamins and anti-oxidants.

Milling of cereals is one of the most harsh ____ which dramatically affect nutrient content.

____ grains are naturally very rich in micronutrients, anti-oxidants and fiber (i.e. in wholemeal flour or flakes), milling usually removes the vast majority of minerals, vitamins and fibers to raise white flour.

Such a spoilage of key nutrients and fiber is no longer acceptable in the context of a sustainable diet aiming at an optimal nutrient ____ and health protection.

In contrast, fermentation of various foodstuffs or germination of grains are traditional, locally accessible, low-energy and highly ____ processes of sounded interest.

It would seem ____ that the more competent someone is, the more we will like that person.

By "competence," I mean a cluster of ____ smartness, the ability to get things done, wise decisions, etc.

We stand a better chance of doing well at our life tasks ____ we surround ourselves with people who know what they're doing and have a lot to teach us.

But the research evidence ____ paradoxical: In problem-solving groups, the participants who are considered the most competent and have the best ideas tend not to be the ones who are best liked.

Why? One possibility is that, although we like to ____ around competent people, those who are too competent make us uncomfortable.

They may ____ unapproachable, distant, superhuman ― and make us look bad (and feel worse) by comparison.

If this were true, we might like people ____ if they reveal some evidence of fallibility.

For example, if your friend is a brilliant mathematician, superb athlete, and gourmet ____ you might like him or her better if, every once in a while, they screwed up.

A computational algorithm that takes input data and generates some output from it doesn't really embody any notion of ____

Certainly, such ____ computation does not generally have as its purpose its own survival and wellbeing.

It does not, in general, ____ value to the inputs.

Compare, for example, a computer algorithm with the waggle dance of the honeybee, by which means a foraging bee conveys ____ others in the hive information about the source of food (such as nectar) it has located.

The "dance" ― a series of stylized movements on the comb ― shows the bees how far away the food ____ and in which direction.

But this ____ does not simply program other bees to go out and look for it.

Rather, they evaluate this information, comparing it with their own knowledge of ____ surroundings.

Some bees might not bother ____ make the journey, considering it not worthwhile.

The input, such as it is, is processed in the light of the ____ own internal states and history; there is nothing prescriptive about its effects.

There ____ deep similarities between viral contagion and behavioral contagion.

For example, people in close or extended proximity to others infected by a virus are themselves ____ likely to become infected, just as people are more likely to drink excessively when they spend more time in the company of heavy drinkers.

But there are also important differences between the ____ types of contagion.

One is that visibility promotes behavioral contagion ____ inhibits the spread of infectious diseases.

Solar panels that ____ visible from the street, for instance, are more likely to stimulate neighboring installations.

In contrast, we try ____ avoid others who are visibly ill.

Another important difference is that whereas viral contagion ____ almost always a bad thing, behavioral contagion is sometimes negative ― as in the case of smoking ― but sometimes positive, as in the case of solar installations.

Sleep is clearly about more than just ____

One curious fact is that animals that ____ hibernating also have periods of sleep.

It comes as a surprise to most of ____ but hibernation and sleep are not the same thing at all, at least not from a neurological and metabolic perspective.

Hibernating is more like ____ anesthetized: the subject is unconscious but not actually asleep.

So ____ hibernating animal needs to get a few hours of conventional sleep each day within the larger unconsciousness.

A further surprise to most of us is that bears, the most famous ____ wintry sleepers, don't actually hibernate.

____ hibernation involves profound unconsciousness and a dramatic fall in body temperature ― often to around 32 degrees Fahrenheit.

By this definition, bears don't hibernate, because their ____ temperature stays near normal and they are easily awakened.

Their ____ sleeps are more accurately called a state of torpor.

The concern about how we appear to others ____ be seen in children, though work by the psychologist Ervin Staub suggests that the effect may vary with age.

In a study ____ children heard another child in distress, young children (kindergarten through second grade) were more likely to help the child in distress when with another child than when alone.

But for older children ― in fourth and sixth grade ― the effect reversed: they were less likely to help a ____ in distress when they were with a peer than when they were alone.

Staub suggested that younger children might feel more comfortable acting when they have the company of ____ peer, whereas older children might feel more concern about being judged by their peers and fear feeling embarrassed by overreacting.

Staub noted that "older children seemed to discuss the distress sounds less and to react to them less ____ than younger children."

In other words, the older children ____ deliberately putting on a poker face in front of their peers.

The study suggests that, contrary to younger children, older children are less likely to help those ____ distress in the presence of others because they care more about how they are evaluated.

What makes questioning authority so ____

The difficulties start in childhood, when parents - the first and ____ powerful authority figures - show children "the way things are."

This is a necessary element of learning language and socialization, and certainly most things learned in early ____ are noncontroversial: the English alphabet starts with A and ends with Z, the numbers 1 through 10 come before the numbers 11 through 20, and so on.

Children, however, will spontaneously question things that are quite obvious to ____ and even to older kids.

The word "why?" becomes a challenge, as in, "Why is ____ sky blue?"

Answers such as "because it just is" or "because I say so" tell children that they ____ unquestioningly accept what authorities say "just because," and children who persist in their questioning are likely to find themselves dismissed or yelled at for "bothering" adults with "meaningless" or "unimportant" questions.

But these questions are in fact ____ reasonable.

Why is ____ sky blue? Many adults do not themselves know the answer.

And who says the sky's color needs to be called ____ anyway?

How do we know that what one person calls "blue" ____ the same color that another calls "blue"?

The scientific answers come from physics, but those are ____ the answers that children are seeking.

They are trying to understand the world, and no matter how ____ the repeated questions may become to stressed and time-pressed parents, it is important to take them seriously to encourage kids to question authority to think for themselves.