2024년 9월 고2 모의고사 변형 (31-42번)

When we get an unfavorable outcome, in some ways the ____ thing we want to hear is that the process was fair.

As outraging as the combination of an unfavorable outcome and an unfair process is, this combination also brings with it a consolation prize: the possibility of attributing the bad outcome to something other ____ ourselves.

We may reassure ourselves by believing that our ____ outcome had little to do with us and everything to do with the unfair process.

If the process is fair, however, we cannot nearly as easily externalize the outcome; we got what we ____ "fair and square."

When the process is fair we believe that our outcome is deserved, which is another way of saying that there must have been something ____ ourselves (what we did or who we are) that caused the outcome.

The well-known American ethnologist Alfred ____ Kroeber made a rich and in-depth study of women's evening dress in the West, stretching back about three centuries and using reproductions of engravings.

Having adjusted the dimensions of these plates due to their diverse origins, he was able to analyse the constant elements in fashion features and to come up with a study that was neither intuitive nor approximate, but precise, ____ and statistical.

He reduced women's clothing to a certain number of features: length and size of the skirt, size and ____ of the neckline, height of the waistline.

He demonstrated unambiguously that fashion is a profoundly regular phenomenon which is not located at the level of ____ variations but on the scale of history.

For practically 300 years, women's dress was subject to a very precise periodic cycle: ____ reach the furthest point in their variations every fifty years.

If, at any one moment, skirts are at their longest, fifty years later they will be at their shortest; thus skirts become long again fifty years after being short and a hundred ____ after being long.

Over the last few centuries, humanity's collective prosperity has ____, as technological progress has made us far wealthier than ever before.

To share out those riches, almost all societies have settled upon the market mechanism, rewarding ____ in various ways for the work that they do and the things that they own.

But rising inequality, itself often driven by technology, has ____ to put that mechanism under strain.

Today, markets already provide immense rewards to some ____ but leave many others with very little.

And now, technological unemployment threatens to become a more radical version of the same story, taking ____ in the particular market we rely upon the most: the labor market.

As that market begins to break down, more and more people will be in danger of not receiving a ____ of society's prosperity at all.

It's often said that those ____ can't do, teach.

It ____ be more accurate to say that those who can do, can't teach the basics.

A great deal of expert knowledge is implicit, not ____.

The further ____ progress toward mastery, the less conscious awareness you often have of the fundamentals.

Experiments show that skilled golfers and wine ____ have a hard time describing their putting and tasting techniques ― even asking them to explain their approaches is enough to interfere with their performance, so they often stay on autopilot.

When I first saw an elite diver do four and a half somersaults, I asked how he ____ to spin so fast.

His answer: "____ go up in a ball."

Experts often have an intuitive ____ of a route, but they struggle to clearly express all the steps to take.

Their ____ dump is partially filled with garbage.

Minimal processing can be one of the best ways to keep original flavors and taste, without any ____ to add artificial flavoring or additives, or too much salt.

This would also be the efficient ____ to keep most nutrients, especially the most sensitive ones such as many vitamins and anti-oxidants.

Milling of cereals is one of the ____ harsh processes which dramatically affect nutrient content.

While grains are naturally very rich in micronutrients, anti-oxidants and fiber (i.e. in wholemeal ____ or flakes), milling usually removes the vast majority of minerals, vitamins and fibers to raise white flour.

Such a ____ of key nutrients and fiber is no longer acceptable in the context of a sustainable diet aiming at an optimal nutrient density and health protection.

In contrast, fermentation of various foodstuffs or germination of grains are traditional, locally accessible, low-energy and highly nutritious processes of sounded ____.

It would seem obvious that the more competent someone is, the ____ we will like that person.

By "competence," I mean a cluster of qualities: smartness, the ability to get things done, wise decisions, ____.

We ____ a better chance of doing well at our life tasks if we surround ourselves with people who know what they're doing and have a lot to teach us.

But the research evidence is paradoxical: In problem-solving groups, the participants who are considered the most competent and have the best ____ tend not to be the ones who are best liked.

Why? One possibility is that, although we like to be ____ competent people, those who are too competent make us uncomfortable.

They may seem unapproachable, distant, superhuman ― and make us look bad (and feel ____) by comparison.

If this were true, we might like people more if they reveal ____ evidence of fallibility.

For example, if your friend is a brilliant mathematician, superb athlete, and ____ cook, you might like him or her better if, every once in a while, they screwed up.

A computational algorithm that takes input data and generates some output from it doesn't ____ embody any notion of meaning.

Certainly, such a computation does not generally ____ as its purpose its own survival and wellbeing.

It ____ not, in general, assign value to the inputs.

Compare, for example, a computer algorithm with the waggle dance of the honeybee, by which means a foraging bee conveys to others in the hive information about the source of ____ (such as nectar) it has located.

The "dance" ― a series of stylized movements on the comb ― shows the bees how ____ away the food is and in which direction.

But this input does not simply program ____ bees to go out and look for it.

____, they evaluate this information, comparing it with their own knowledge of the surroundings.

Some bees might ____ bother to make the journey, considering it not worthwhile.

The input, such as it is, is processed in the ____ of the organism's own internal states and history; there is nothing prescriptive about its effects.

There are deep similarities ____ viral contagion and behavioral contagion.

For example, people in close or extended proximity to others infected by a virus are ____ more likely to become infected, just as people are more likely to drink excessively when they spend more time in the company of heavy drinkers.

But there are also important differences ____ the two types of contagion.

One is that ____ promotes behavioral contagion but inhibits the spread of infectious diseases.

Solar panels that are visible from the ____, for instance, are more likely to stimulate neighboring installations.

In contrast, we try to avoid others ____ are visibly ill.

Another important difference is that whereas viral contagion is almost always a bad thing, behavioral ____ is sometimes negative ― as in the case of smoking ― but sometimes positive, as in the case of solar installations.

Sleep is clearly ____ more than just resting.

____ curious fact is that animals that are hibernating also have periods of sleep.

It comes as a surprise to most of us, but hibernation and sleep are not the same thing at all, at least not from a neurological and metabolic ____.

____ is more like being anesthetized: the subject is unconscious but not actually asleep.

So a hibernating animal needs to get a few hours of conventional sleep each day within the larger ____.

A further surprise to most of us is that bears, the ____ famous of wintry sleepers, don't actually hibernate.

Real hibernation involves profound unconsciousness and a dramatic fall in body temperature ― often to ____ 32 degrees Fahrenheit.

By this definition, ____ don't hibernate, because their body temperature stays near normal and they are easily awakened.

Their winter sleeps are more accurately ____ a state of torpor.

The concern about how we appear to others can be seen in children, though work by the psychologist Ervin Staub suggests that the effect may vary with ____.

In a study where children heard another child in distress, young children (____ through second grade) were more likely to help the child in distress when with another child than when alone.

But for older children ― in fourth and sixth grade ― the effect ____: they were less likely to help a child in distress when they were with a peer than when they were alone.

Staub suggested that younger children might feel more comfortable acting when they have the company of a peer, whereas older children might ____ more concern about being judged by their peers and fear feeling embarrassed by overreacting.

Staub noted that "older children seemed to discuss the distress sounds less and to react to them ____ openly than younger children."

In other words, the older ____ were deliberately putting on a poker face in front of their peers.

The study suggests that, contrary to younger children, older children are less likely to help those in distress in the presence of others because they care more ____ how they are evaluated.

What makes questioning authority so ____?

The difficulties start in childhood, when parents - the first and most ____ authority figures - show children "the way things are."

This is a necessary element of learning language and socialization, and certainly most things learned in ____ childhood are noncontroversial: the English alphabet starts with A and ends with Z, the numbers 1 through 10 come before the numbers 11 through 20, and so on.

Children, however, will spontaneously ____ things that are quite obvious to adults and even to older kids.

The ____ "why?" becomes a challenge, as in, "Why is the sky blue?"

Answers such as "because it just is" or "because I say so" tell children that they must unquestioningly accept what authorities say "just because," and children who persist in their questioning are likely to find themselves dismissed or ____ at for "bothering" adults with "meaningless" or "unimportant" questions.

But these questions are in fact ____ reasonable.

____ is the sky blue? Many adults do not themselves know the answer.

And who says the ____ color needs to be called "blue," anyway?

How do we know that what one person calls "blue" is the same color that ____ calls "blue"?

The scientific answers come from physics, but ____ are not the answers that children are seeking.

They are trying to understand the world, and no matter ____ irritating the repeated questions may become to stressed and time-pressed parents, it is important to take them seriously to encourage kids to question authority to think for themselves.