2024년 9월 고2 모의고사 변형 (31-42번)

When we get an unfavorable outcome, in some ways the last thing we want to hear is that the ____ was fair.

As outraging as the combination of an unfavorable outcome and an unfair process is, this combination also brings with it a consolation prize: the possibility of attributing the bad outcome to something other ____ ourselves.

We may reassure ourselves by believing that our bad outcome had little to do with us and everything to do with the ____ process.

If the process ____ fair, however, we cannot nearly as easily externalize the outcome; we got what we got "fair and square."

When the process is fair we believe that our outcome is deserved, which is another way of saying that there must have been something about ourselves (what we did or who we are) that caused the ____

The well-known American ethnologist Alfred Louis Kroeber made a rich and in-depth study of women's evening dress in the West, stretching back ____ three centuries and using reproductions of engravings.

Having adjusted the dimensions of these plates due to their diverse origins, he was able to analyse the constant elements in fashion features ____ to come up with a study that was neither intuitive nor approximate, but precise, mathematical and statistical.

He reduced women's clothing to a certain number of features: length and size of the skirt, size and depth of ____ neckline, height of the waistline.

He demonstrated unambiguously that fashion is a profoundly regular ____ which is not located at the level of annual variations but on the scale of history.

____ practically 300 years, women's dress was subject to a very precise periodic cycle: forms reach the furthest point in their variations every fifty years.

If, at any one moment, skirts are at their longest, fifty years later they will be at their shortest; thus skirts become long again fifty years after being short and ____ hundred years after being long.

Over the last few ____ humanity's collective prosperity has skyrocketed, as technological progress has made us far wealthier than ever before.

To share out those riches, almost all societies have settled upon the market mechanism, rewarding people in various ____ for the work that they do and the things that they own.

But rising inequality, itself ____ driven by technology, has started to put that mechanism under strain.

Today, markets already provide immense rewards ____ some people but leave many others with very little.

And now, technological unemployment threatens to ____ a more radical version of the same story, taking place in the particular market we rely upon the most: the labor market.

As that market begins to break down, more and more people will be in ____ of not receiving a share of society's prosperity at all.

It's often said that ____ who can't do, teach.

It would be more accurate to say that those who ____ do, can't teach the basics.

A great ____ of expert knowledge is implicit, not explicit.

The further you progress toward mastery, the less conscious awareness ____ often have of the fundamentals.

Experiments show that skilled golfers and wine aficionados have a hard time describing their putting and tasting techniques ― even asking them to explain their approaches is enough to ____ with their performance, so they often stay on autopilot.

When I first saw an elite diver do four and a half somersaults, I asked how he ____ to spin so fast.

____ answer: "Just go up in a ball."

Experts often have an intuitive understanding of a route, but they struggle to clearly express all the steps to ____

Their brain ____ is partially filled with garbage.

Minimal processing can be one of the best ways to keep original flavors and taste, without any need to add artificial flavoring or additives, or ____ much salt.

This would also be the efficient way to keep most nutrients, especially the most ____ ones such as many vitamins and anti-oxidants.

Milling of cereals is one of the most ____ processes which dramatically affect nutrient content.

While grains are naturally very rich in micronutrients, anti-oxidants and fiber (i.e. in wholemeal ____ or flakes), milling usually removes the vast majority of minerals, vitamins and fibers to raise white flour.

Such a spoilage of key nutrients and fiber is no longer acceptable in the context of a sustainable diet aiming at an ____ nutrient density and health protection.

In contrast, fermentation of various foodstuffs or germination of grains are traditional, locally accessible, low-energy and highly nutritious processes of ____ interest.

It would ____ obvious that the more competent someone is, the more we will like that person.

By "competence," I mean a cluster of qualities: smartness, the ability to get things done, wise ____ etc.

We stand a better chance of doing well at our life tasks if we surround ourselves with people ____ know what they're doing and have a lot to teach us.

But the research evidence is paradoxical: In problem-solving groups, the participants who are considered ____ most competent and have the best ideas tend not to be the ones who are best liked.

Why? One possibility is that, although we like to be around ____ people, those who are too competent make us uncomfortable.

They may ____ unapproachable, distant, superhuman ― and make us look bad (and feel worse) by comparison.

If this were true, we might like people more if they reveal ____ evidence of fallibility.

For example, if your friend is a brilliant mathematician, superb athlete, and gourmet ____ you might like him or her better if, every once in a while, they screwed up.

A computational algorithm that takes input data and generates some output from it doesn't really ____ any notion of meaning.

Certainly, such a computation does not generally have as its purpose its own survival and ____

It does not, in general, assign value to ____ inputs.

Compare, for example, a computer algorithm with the waggle dance of the honeybee, by which means ____ foraging bee conveys to others in the hive information about the source of food (such as nectar) it has located.

The "dance" ― a series of stylized movements on the comb ― shows the bees how far away the food is ____ in which direction.

But this input does not simply program other bees to go ____ and look for it.

Rather, they evaluate this information, comparing it with their own knowledge of ____ surroundings.

Some bees might not bother to ____ the journey, considering it not worthwhile.

The input, such as it is, is processed in the light of the organism's own internal states and history; there is nothing prescriptive about its ____

There are deep similarities between viral contagion and behavioral ____

For example, people in close or extended proximity to others infected ____ a virus are themselves more likely to become infected, just as people are more likely to drink excessively when they spend more time in the company of heavy drinkers.

But there are ____ important differences between the two types of contagion.

One is that visibility promotes behavioral contagion but ____ the spread of infectious diseases.

Solar panels that are visible from the street, for ____ are more likely to stimulate neighboring installations.

In contrast, we try to avoid ____ who are visibly ill.

Another important difference ____ that whereas viral contagion is almost always a bad thing, behavioral contagion is sometimes negative ― as in the case of smoking ― but sometimes positive, as in the case of solar installations.

Sleep is ____ about more than just resting.

One curious fact is that animals that are ____ also have periods of sleep.

It comes as a surprise to ____ of us, but hibernation and sleep are not the same thing at all, at least not from a neurological and metabolic perspective.

Hibernating is more like being anesthetized: the subject is unconscious but ____ actually asleep.

So a hibernating animal needs to get a few hours ____ conventional sleep each day within the larger unconsciousness.

A further surprise to most of us is that bears, the most famous of wintry sleepers, don't ____ hibernate.

Real hibernation involves profound unconsciousness and a dramatic fall in body temperature ― often to around 32 degrees ____

By this definition, bears don't hibernate, ____ their body temperature stays near normal and they are easily awakened.

Their winter sleeps are more accurately called a state ____ torpor.

The concern about how we appear to others can be seen in children, though work by the psychologist Ervin Staub ____ that the effect may vary with age.

In a study where children heard another child in distress, young ____ (kindergarten through second grade) were more likely to help the child in distress when with another child than when alone.

But for older children ― in fourth and sixth ____ ― the effect reversed: they were less likely to help a child in distress when they were with a peer than when they were alone.

Staub suggested that younger children might feel more comfortable acting when they have the company ____ a peer, whereas older children might feel more concern about being judged by their peers and fear feeling embarrassed by overreacting.

Staub noted that "older children seemed to discuss the distress sounds less and to react ____ them less openly than younger children."

In other words, the older children were deliberately putting on a poker face ____ front of their peers.

The ____ suggests that, contrary to younger children, older children are less likely to help those in distress in the presence of others because they care more about how they are evaluated.

What makes ____ authority so hard?

The difficulties start in childhood, when parents - the first and ____ powerful authority figures - show children "the way things are."

This is a necessary element of learning language and socialization, and certainly most things learned in early childhood are noncontroversial: the English alphabet starts with A and ends with Z, the numbers 1 through 10 come ____ the numbers 11 through 20, and so on.

Children, however, will spontaneously question things that are ____ obvious to adults and even to older kids.

____ word "why?" becomes a challenge, as in, "Why is the sky blue?"

Answers such as "because it just is" or "because I say so" tell children that they must unquestioningly accept what authorities say "just because," and children who persist in their questioning are likely to find themselves ____ or yelled at for "bothering" adults with "meaningless" or "unimportant" questions.

But these questions are ____ fact perfectly reasonable.

____ is the sky blue? Many adults do not themselves know the answer.

And who says the sky's color needs to ____ called "blue," anyway?

How do we know ____ what one person calls "blue" is the same color that another calls "blue"?

The scientific answers come from physics, ____ those are not the answers that children are seeking.

They are trying to understand the world, and no matter how irritating the repeated questions may become to stressed and time-pressed parents, ____ is important to take them seriously to encourage kids to question authority to think for themselves.