2024년 9월 고2 모의고사 변형 (31-42번)

When we get an unfavorable outcome, in some ways the last thing we ____ to hear is that the process was fair.

As outraging as the combination of an ____ outcome and an unfair process is, this combination also brings with it a consolation prize: the possibility of attributing the bad outcome to something other than ourselves.

We may reassure ourselves by believing that our ____ outcome had little to do with us and everything to do with the unfair process.

If the process is fair, however, we cannot nearly as easily externalize the outcome; we got ____ we got "fair and square."

When the process is ____ we believe that our outcome is deserved, which is another way of saying that there must have been something about ourselves (what we did or who we are) that caused the outcome.

The well-known ____ ethnologist Alfred Louis Kroeber made a rich and in-depth study of women's evening dress in the West, stretching back about three centuries and using reproductions of engravings.

Having adjusted the dimensions of these plates due to their diverse origins, he was ____ to analyse the constant elements in fashion features and to come up with a study that was neither intuitive nor approximate, but precise, mathematical and statistical.

He reduced women's clothing to a certain number of features: length and size of the skirt, ____ and depth of the neckline, height of the waistline.

He ____ unambiguously that fashion is a profoundly regular phenomenon which is not located at the level of annual variations but on the scale of history.

For practically ____ years, women's dress was subject to a very precise periodic cycle: forms reach the furthest point in their variations every fifty years.

If, at ____ one moment, skirts are at their longest, fifty years later they will be at their shortest; thus skirts become long again fifty years after being short and a hundred years after being long.

Over the last few centuries, humanity's collective prosperity has skyrocketed, as technological progress has made us far wealthier than ____ before.

To share out ____ riches, almost all societies have settled upon the market mechanism, rewarding people in various ways for the work that they do and the things that they own.

But rising inequality, itself often driven by technology, ____ started to put that mechanism under strain.

Today, markets already provide immense rewards to some people but leave ____ others with very little.

And now, technological unemployment threatens to become a more radical version of the same story, taking place in the particular market we rely upon the ____: the labor market.

As that market begins to ____ down, more and more people will be in danger of not receiving a share of society's prosperity at all.

It's often said that those who can't do, ____.

It would be more accurate to say that those who can do, can't ____ the basics.

A great deal of expert knowledge is ____, not explicit.

The further you progress toward mastery, the less conscious awareness you often have of the ____.

Experiments show that skilled ____ and wine aficionados have a hard time describing their putting and tasting techniques ― even asking them to explain their approaches is enough to interfere with their performance, so they often stay on autopilot.

When I first saw an elite ____ do four and a half somersaults, I asked how he managed to spin so fast.

His answer: "Just go up in a ____."

Experts often have an intuitive understanding of a route, but they struggle to clearly express all the steps to ____.

Their brain dump is partially ____ with garbage.

Minimal processing can be one of the best ways to ____ original flavors and taste, without any need to add artificial flavoring or additives, or too much salt.

This would ____ be the efficient way to keep most nutrients, especially the most sensitive ones such as many vitamins and anti-oxidants.

Milling of cereals is one of the most ____ processes which dramatically affect nutrient content.

While grains are naturally very rich in micronutrients, anti-oxidants and ____ (i.e. in wholemeal flour or flakes), milling usually removes the vast majority of minerals, vitamins and fibers to raise white flour.

Such a spoilage of key nutrients and fiber is no longer acceptable in the ____ of a sustainable diet aiming at an optimal nutrient density and health protection.

In contrast, fermentation of various foodstuffs or germination of grains are traditional, locally accessible, low-energy and highly ____ processes of sounded interest.

It would ____ obvious that the more competent someone is, the more we will like that person.

By "competence," I mean a cluster of qualities: smartness, the ability to get things done, wise ____, etc.

We stand a better chance of doing well at our life tasks if we surround ourselves with people who know what they're doing and ____ a lot to teach us.

But the research evidence is paradoxical: In problem-solving groups, the participants who are considered the most competent and have the best ____ tend not to be the ones who are best liked.

Why? One possibility is that, although we like to be ____ competent people, those who are too competent make us uncomfortable.

They may seem unapproachable, distant, superhuman ― and make us look bad (and feel worse) by ____.

If this were true, we might like people more if they reveal some evidence of ____.

For example, if your friend is a brilliant mathematician, superb athlete, and gourmet cook, ____ might like him or her better if, every once in a while, they screwed up.

A computational algorithm that takes input data and generates some output from it doesn't really embody any ____ of meaning.

Certainly, ____ a computation does not generally have as its purpose its own survival and wellbeing.

It ____ not, in general, assign value to the inputs.

Compare, for example, a computer algorithm with the waggle dance of the honeybee, by which means a foraging bee conveys to others in the hive information about the source of food (such as nectar) it has ____.

The "____" ― a series of stylized movements on the comb ― shows the bees how far away the food is and in which direction.

But this input does not simply ____ other bees to go out and look for it.

Rather, they evaluate this information, comparing it with their own ____ of the surroundings.

Some ____ might not bother to make the journey, considering it not worthwhile.

The input, such as it is, is processed in the light of the organism's ____ internal states and history; there is nothing prescriptive about its effects.

There are deep similarities between viral ____ and behavioral contagion.

For example, people in close or extended proximity to others infected by a virus are ____ more likely to become infected, just as people are more likely to drink excessively when they spend more time in the company of heavy drinkers.

But there are also important differences between the two types of ____.

One is that visibility promotes behavioral contagion but inhibits the ____ of infectious diseases.

Solar ____ that are visible from the street, for instance, are more likely to stimulate neighboring installations.

In contrast, we try to avoid others who are ____ ill.

Another important difference is that whereas viral contagion is almost always a bad thing, behavioral contagion is sometimes ____ ― as in the case of smoking ― but sometimes positive, as in the case of solar installations.

Sleep is clearly about more than just ____.

One curious fact is that ____ that are hibernating also have periods of sleep.

It comes as a surprise to most of us, but hibernation and sleep are not the same thing at all, at least not from a neurological and ____ perspective.

Hibernating is more ____ being anesthetized: the subject is unconscious but not actually asleep.

So a hibernating animal needs to get a few hours of conventional ____ each day within the larger unconsciousness.

A further surprise to most of us is that bears, the most ____ of wintry sleepers, don't actually hibernate.

Real hibernation involves profound unconsciousness and a dramatic fall in body temperature ― often to around 32 ____ Fahrenheit.

By this definition, bears don't ____, because their body temperature stays near normal and they are easily awakened.

Their ____ sleeps are more accurately called a state of torpor.

The concern about how we appear to others can be seen in children, though work by the psychologist Ervin Staub suggests that the effect may vary with ____.

In a study where children heard another child in distress, young children (kindergarten through second grade) were more likely to help the child in distress when with another ____ than when alone.

But for older children ― in fourth and sixth ____ ― the effect reversed: they were less likely to help a child in distress when they were with a peer than when they were alone.

Staub suggested that younger children might feel more comfortable acting when they have the company of a peer, whereas older children might feel ____ concern about being judged by their peers and fear feeling embarrassed by overreacting.

____ noted that "older children seemed to discuss the distress sounds less and to react to them less openly than younger children."

In other words, the ____ children were deliberately putting on a poker face in front of their peers.

The study suggests that, contrary to younger children, older children are ____ likely to help those in distress in the presence of others because they care more about how they are evaluated.

What makes ____ authority so hard?

The ____ start in childhood, when parents - the first and most powerful authority figures - show children "the way things are."

This is a necessary element of learning language and socialization, and certainly most things learned in early childhood are noncontroversial: the English alphabet starts with A and ends with Z, the numbers 1 through 10 ____ before the numbers 11 through 20, and so on.

Children, however, will spontaneously question things that are quite obvious to adults and even to older ____.

The word "why?" becomes a challenge, as in, "____ is the sky blue?"

Answers such as "because it just is" or "because I say so" tell children that they must unquestioningly accept what authorities say "just because," and children who persist in their questioning are ____ to find themselves dismissed or yelled at for "bothering" adults with "meaningless" or "unimportant" questions.

But ____ questions are in fact perfectly reasonable.

Why is the sky blue? ____ adults do not themselves know the answer.

And who says the sky's color needs to be called "blue," ____?

How do we know that what one ____ calls "blue" is the same color that another calls "blue"?

The scientific answers come from physics, but those are not the ____ that children are seeking.

They are trying to understand the world, and no matter how irritating the repeated questions may ____ to stressed and time-pressed parents, it is important to take them seriously to encourage kids to question authority to think for themselves.