2025년 5월 고3 모의고사 변형 (31-42번)

According to philosopher Habermas, the ____ sphere is 'the sphere of private people come together as a public'.

Habermas's basic ____ of the private sphere contradicts that of the ancients.

It is not a realm of mere particularity; it harbours its ____ universals.

It is in fact ____ in value to the public sphere.

As Habermas explains, 'the public sphere has a complementary relation to this private sphere, from which the public, as the bearers of the public sphere, ____ recruited'.

Habermas pictures the private sphere as the waiting room in which people develop the consciousness that enables them to step out in ____

This involves self-confidence, critical faculties, opinion- ____ will-formation, and so on.

It is in the private sphere, especially the privacy of one's own home, that one is able to find one's very identity, to achieve existential meaning and ____ personal conception of the good.

It is the lifeworld out of which ____ public sphere is generated, enabling defects in the economic and political systems to be confronted.

Privacy thus qualifies persons for ____ public sphere, for rational-critical interaction in street meetings or on social media.

There is a view of culture that rejects the idea ____ culture can be owned.

This ____ is exemplified by Xuanzang, the Chinese traveler who went to India and brought back Buddhist manuscripts.

It was embraced by Arab and Persian scholars who ____ Greek philosophy.

It was practiced ____ countless scribes, teachers, and artists who found inspiration far outside their local culture.

Culture, for ____ figures, is made not only from the resources of one community but also from encounters with other cultures.

It is ____ not only from the lived experience of individuals but also from borrowed forms and ideas that help individuals understand and articulate their experience in new ways.

When seen through the lens of culture as property, these figures might appear to be unwelcome visitors, appropriators, even ____

But ____ pursued their work with humility and dedication because they understood instinctively that culture evolves through circulation; they knew that false ideas of property and ownership impose limits and constraints, leading to impoverished forms of expression.

An expense that reinforces the honesty of a signal is ____ potential reputational cost.

For example, a signal might be ____ costly when there's a greater risk that a dishonest signaller will receive a penalty as a result.

The most powerful signals in nature ____ directed one-to-one.

The ____ coloured poison frog and the impressive tail of the peacock are for all to see.

The more witnesses of a signal, the higher the risk is for a ____ signaller.

Interestingly, the arrival of digital communications (specifically targeted ads online), is limiting this reputational risk, theoretically reducing the impact of ____ communicator's signal.

Writer ____ Marti hypothesises that, in communications, "targeting breaks signalling."

This means that ____ you see an advertisement that's targeting you alone, it's more like a cold call than a public message.

It doesn't carry the ____ credible information about the seller's intentions because it's free of reputational cost.

____ maybe no surprise that deceptive sellers have far more success online than through more public communication channels.

To build trust, ____ it's not just about seeing the message, it's knowing that other people have seen it too.

When someone recounts their story of some tragedy, the other responds with 'I ____ for you. That happened to me.'

Through identification, the object of the emotional response shifts from the other ____ to oneself.

Such identification fails to count as empathy since it is not a genuine instance of sharing in the emotional response of the other (with temporarily activated concern for the other) but is a simple projection of the self onto the ____

It is merely ____ own ─ imagined or remembered ─ emotional response.

To put this in other words, there is a forgetting that it is not you but the other ____ is in the situation.

What happens in the case of empathy is an attempt to appreciate a situation from another's point of view without losing sight of this being experienced by the ____

In other words, we attempt to consider what it is to experience such circumstances with a particular set of beliefs and desires that we take the other to hold (which may or may ____ overlap with our own).

Almost all ____ shows a 24-hour pattern of activity and rest, even bacteria.

It seems very likely that this rhythm evolved as a result of living on a planet that rotates once every ____ hours and that the resultant changes in light, temperature and food availability forced an adaptive evolutionary response.

Diurnal and nocturnal species have evolved numerous specializations that have allowed them to perform best under the different conditions of light or dark, but, critically, not ____

____ seems to have made an evolutionary 'decision' to be active at a specific part of the day|night cycle, and, as a result, those species that are specialized to be active during the day will not be particularly effective at night.

In the same way, nocturnal animals that are perfectly adapted to move around and hunt ____ dim or no light fail miserably during the day.

The struggle ____ existence has forced species to become specialists and not generalists, and no species can operate with the same effectiveness across the 24-hour light|dark environment.

Flowering plants and bees are ____ strict mutualists.

Flowering plants don't want to give up all their precious ____ to undesirable pollinators or even to generally dependable pollinating bees.

A small fraction of a flower's pollen grains must make their ____ to other flowers to ultimately produce seeds and foster new generations of plants.

Bees, ____ the other hand, would like to collect all the pollen and not give any of it up.

____ difference leads to cheaters in the system.

Some nectar-robbing bees cut slits or holes at the bases of tube-shaped flowers ____ never deposit pollen on stigmas.

____ are anti-pollinators.

Orchids and a few other flowering plants ____ no food to bee pollinators.

Instead, they deceive male bees into thinking a particular orchid flower is a receptive, ____ and waiting female of their species to make them pollinate.

Why not? They produce the same chemical scents and even ____ of look like those female bees.

The bond of friendship may solve a ____ known as the banker's paradox.

When you are ____ financial ruin and most need a loan, the bank is unlikely to grant you one as you represent a terrible credit risk.

On the other hand, when things are going well the bank is only too happy to offer ____ funds.

This same dynamic would also have posed a deep problem for reciprocal altruism ____ the world of our ancestors.

Individuals may be least likely to receive help when they most need it, because they are least ____ to reciprocate.

Why would a non-relative come to your aid, with a greatly ____ chance of being paid back the favour?

The evolution of friendship provides a solution to the ____

The oxytocin-mediated bond between friends ____ them irreplaceable to each other.

So if a ____ falls seriously ill, rather than abandoning them to find someone else with whom to engage in reciprocal altruism, you have an emotional stake in their well-being that compels you to help them pull through.

Friendship may ____ developed in human evolution as a form of insurance.

For most of history science was secretive, obscure and often considered indistinguishable from ____

Modern science by contrast combines observation, interpretation and action in forms that collectivize the knowledge ____ and institutionalizes them in labs, centres, disciplines, funds and stored memories.

As a collective, science polices itself, as happened in ____ when a Chinese scientist, He Jiankui, announced the birth of twin girls with edited genomes, and was met with a storm of disapproval.

This open and collective nature ____ understood early in the history of modern science.

Joseph Glanvill ____ one of its first theorists, arguing in the 1660s that 'free and ingenious exchange of the reasons of our particular sentiments' is the best method of discovering truth and improving knowledge.

Yet this, the increasingly collective nature of science, is often missed in stories of individual genius, whether Newton sitting under an apple tree or Einstein writing at night after his ____

But the more we know, the ____ collective science looks, dependent on networks of collaborators, supporters and colleagues.

Social scientists find it ____ to agree than do natural scientists.

Researchers at the leading edge of physics, for example, may argue fiercely, but there is sufficient consensus among the discipline's scholars for ____ introductory physics textbook to state with authority the basic knowledge that is accepted by the field.

In contrast, introductory social science texts often describe their subjects ____ a series of competing perspectives.

There are benefits to stressing what ____ us.

By taking specific emphases to their logical conclusions, we can readily perceive the arguments that need to be resolved if we are ____ explain this or that aspect of the social world.

Like politicians in elections, advocates of particular ____ try to put 'clear blue water' between themselves and their rivals.

But, like ____ in power, when the same advocates get round to doing sociology (rather than just advertising their brand of it) they tend to fall back to a common middle ground.

In one revealing series of studies, researchers from the Julius-Maximilians ____ of Wurzburg, Germany, enrolled test subjects in a well-known experiment called "die under the cup."

In the experiment, participants make a series of die ____ under a cup, the results of which only they can see, and then report their results anonymously.

Participants were told they would earn money depending on ____ outcome of their rolls, with higher rolls rewarded more favorably.

To ensure appropriate conditions, the researchers varied the time participants had to ____ their results.

In the first round, they asked participants ____ report their results immediately.

In the second, ____ were instructed to do so after a short delay.

____ results were clear, supporting what many researchers have long suspected: the results reported immediately were more honest than those reported after a delay, suggesting that honesty is a more instinctive response and showing that dishonesty takes greater cognitive effort.

In one experiment, the subjects were more likely to produce untruthful responses when they were given a delay to respond, which implies that honesty is ____ response that is made spontaneously.

Our ability to simulate the future ─ which gives Present You a chance to walk in Future You's shoes ─ provides human brains with a huge evolutionary ____ but it also has some limitations.

For one, the simulations don't predict emotional ____ well.

We imagine it's scary skydiving, but it's definitely scarier once a 200-pound man strapped to your back slowly ____ your toes to the edge.

Jumping out of a plane is just an idea that's somewhat disconnected from reality until ____ actually happening.

In the same way, what Future ____ will be thinking and feeling is just an abstract idea until Future You becomes Present You.

When we make a decision to put something off, we can simulate what the consequences of that decision will ____ - we'll have less time to work on something, people might get frustrated with us, and we might run into unexpected problems.

But the simulation of what our procrastination will feel like is usually more charitable than the ____ ─ we underestimate the stress it will cause, the guilt we'll feel for continuing the pattern, or the disappointment that will stem from a missed opportunity.

So, even the best human ____ have limitations.

Procrastinators' simulators are weak in ____ and they struggle to consider the consequences of their choices.

They're more concerned ____ what they're doing and how they're feeling in this moment and less concerned about the future.

As a result, they keep prioritizing what they want right now over what they'll need in ____ future.