2025년 5월 고3 모의고사 변형 (31-42번)

According to philosopher Habermas, the public sphere is 'the sphere of private people come ____ as a public'.

Habermas's basic ____ of the private sphere contradicts that of the ancients.

It ____ not a realm of mere particularity; it harbours its own universals.

It is in ____ equal in value to the public sphere.

As Habermas explains, 'the public sphere has a complementary relation to this ____ sphere, from which the public, as the bearers of the public sphere, is recruited'.

Habermas pictures the private sphere as the waiting room in which people develop the consciousness that enables them to step out ____ public.

This involves self-confidence, critical faculties, opinion- and will-formation, and ____ on.

It ____ in the private sphere, especially the privacy of one's own home, that one is able to find one's very identity, to achieve existential meaning and a personal conception of the good.

It is the lifeworld out of which the public sphere is generated, enabling defects in the economic and political systems to be ____

Privacy thus qualifies persons for the public sphere, ____ rational-critical interaction in street meetings or on social media.

There is ____ view of culture that rejects the idea that culture can be owned.

This view is exemplified by Xuanzang, the Chinese traveler who went to ____ and brought back Buddhist manuscripts.

It was ____ by Arab and Persian scholars who translated Greek philosophy.

It was practiced by countless scribes, ____ and artists who found inspiration far outside their local culture.

Culture, for these figures, is made not only from the resources ____ one community but also from encounters with other cultures.

It is crafted not only from the lived experience of individuals but also from borrowed forms and ideas that help individuals understand and articulate their experience ____ new ways.

____ seen through the lens of culture as property, these figures might appear to be unwelcome visitors, appropriators, even thieves.

But they pursued their work with humility and dedication because they understood instinctively that ____ evolves through circulation; they knew that false ideas of property and ownership impose limits and constraints, leading to impoverished forms of expression.

An expense that reinforces the honesty of a ____ is its potential reputational cost.

For example, a signal might be considered costly when there's a greater risk that a dishonest signaller will receive a penalty ____ a result.

The most powerful signals in nature aren't directed ____

The brightly coloured poison frog and the impressive tail ____ the peacock are for all to see.

The more witnesses of a signal, ____ higher the risk is for a dishonest signaller.

____ the arrival of digital communications (specifically targeted ads online), is limiting this reputational risk, theoretically reducing the impact of a communicator's signal.

Writer ____ Marti hypothesises that, in communications, "targeting breaks signalling."

This means that when you see an ____ that's targeting you alone, it's more like a cold call than a public message.

It doesn't carry the same credible information about the seller's intentions because it's free of reputational ____

It's maybe no surprise that deceptive sellers have far ____ success online than through more public communication channels.

To build trust, often it's ____ just about seeing the message, it's knowing that other people have seen it too.

When someone recounts ____ story of some tragedy, the other responds with 'I feel for you. That happened to me.'

Through identification, the ____ of the emotional response shifts from the other person to oneself.

Such identification fails to count as empathy since it is not a genuine instance of sharing in the emotional response of the ____ (with temporarily activated concern for the other) but is a simple projection of the self onto the other.

It is merely one's own ____ imagined or remembered ─ emotional response.

To put this in other words, there is a ____ that it is not you but the other who is in the situation.

What happens in the case of empathy is an attempt to appreciate a situation from another's point of view without ____ sight of this being experienced by the other.

In other words, we attempt to consider what it is to experience such circumstances with ____ particular set of beliefs and desires that we take the other to hold (which may or may not overlap with our own).

Almost ____ life shows a 24-hour pattern of activity and rest, even bacteria.

It seems very likely that this rhythm evolved as a result of living on a planet ____ rotates once every 24 hours and that the resultant changes in light, temperature and food availability forced an adaptive evolutionary response.

Diurnal ____ nocturnal species have evolved numerous specializations that have allowed them to perform best under the different conditions of light or dark, but, critically, not both.

Life seems to have made an evolutionary 'decision' to be active at a specific part of the day|night cycle, and, as a result, those species that are specialized to be active during the ____ will not be particularly effective at night.

In the same way, nocturnal ____ that are perfectly adapted to move around and hunt under dim or no light fail miserably during the day.

The struggle for existence has forced species to become specialists and not generalists, and no species can operate with the same effectiveness across the 24-hour ____ environment.

____ plants and bees are not strict mutualists.

Flowering plants don't want to give up all their precious pollen to undesirable pollinators or even ____ generally dependable pollinating bees.

A small ____ of a flower's pollen grains must make their way to other flowers to ultimately produce seeds and foster new generations of plants.

Bees, on the other ____ would like to collect all the pollen and not give any of it up.

This difference leads to cheaters in the ____

Some nectar-robbing bees cut slits or holes at ____ bases of tube-shaped flowers and never deposit pollen on stigmas.

They ____ anti-pollinators.

____ and a few other flowering plants offer no food to bee pollinators.

Instead, they deceive male bees into thinking ____ particular orchid flower is a receptive, ready, and waiting female of their species to make them pollinate.

Why not? They ____ the same chemical scents and even sort of look like those female bees.

The bond of friendship may solve ____ problem known as the banker's paradox.

____ you are facing financial ruin and most need a loan, the bank is unlikely to grant you one as you represent a terrible credit risk.

On the other hand, when things are going well the bank is only too ____ to offer you funds.

This same ____ would also have posed a deep problem for reciprocal altruism in the world of our ancestors.

Individuals may be least likely ____ receive help when they most need it, because they are least able to reciprocate.

Why would a non-relative come to your ____ with a greatly reduced chance of being paid back the favour?

The evolution of ____ provides a solution to the dilemma.

The oxytocin-mediated bond between friends makes ____ irreplaceable to each other.

So if a friend falls seriously ill, rather than abandoning them to find someone else with whom to engage in reciprocal altruism, you have an emotional stake in their well-being that compels ____ to help them pull through.

Friendship may have developed in human evolution ____ a form of insurance.

For most of history science was secretive, obscure and often considered indistinguishable ____ magic.

Modern science by contrast combines observation, interpretation and action in forms that collectivize the ____ gained and institutionalizes them in labs, centres, disciplines, funds and stored memories.

As a collective, science polices itself, as happened in 2018 when a Chinese scientist, He ____ announced the birth of twin girls with edited genomes, and was met with a storm of disapproval.

This open and collective nature was understood ____ in the history of modern science.

Joseph Glanvill was one of its first theorists, arguing in the 1660s that 'free and ingenious exchange of the reasons of our particular sentiments' is the best ____ of discovering truth and improving knowledge.

Yet this, the increasingly collective nature of science, is often missed in stories ____ individual genius, whether Newton sitting under an apple tree or Einstein writing at night after his job.

But the more we know, the more collective science looks, dependent on networks of collaborators, ____ and colleagues.

Social scientists find ____ harder to agree than do natural scientists.

Researchers at ____ leading edge of physics, for example, may argue fiercely, but there is sufficient consensus among the discipline's scholars for an introductory physics textbook to state with authority the basic knowledge that is accepted by the field.

In contrast, introductory social science texts often describe their ____ as a series of competing perspectives.

There are benefits ____ stressing what divides us.

By taking specific emphases to their logical conclusions, we can ____ perceive the arguments that need to be resolved if we are to explain this or that aspect of the social world.

Like politicians in elections, advocates of particular schools try to put 'clear blue water' between themselves ____ their rivals.

But, like politicians in power, when the same advocates get round ____ doing sociology (rather than just advertising their brand of it) they tend to fall back to a common middle ground.

In one revealing series of studies, researchers from the Julius-Maximilians University of Wurzburg, Germany, enrolled test subjects in a well-known experiment ____ "die under the cup."

In ____ experiment, participants make a series of die rolls under a cup, the results of which only they can see, and then report their results anonymously.

Participants were told they would earn money depending on the outcome of their rolls, with higher rolls rewarded more ____

To ensure appropriate conditions, ____ researchers varied the time participants had to report their results.

In the ____ round, they asked participants to report their results immediately.

In the second, they were instructed to do so after a short ____

The ____ were clear, supporting what many researchers have long suspected: the results reported immediately were more honest than those reported after a delay, suggesting that honesty is a more instinctive response and showing that dishonesty takes greater cognitive effort.

In one experiment, the ____ were more likely to produce untruthful responses when they were given a delay to respond, which implies that honesty is a response that is made spontaneously.

Our ability to simulate the future ─ which gives Present You a chance to walk in Future You's shoes ─ provides human brains with a huge evolutionary advantage, but it also ____ some limitations.

For ____ the simulations don't predict emotional intensity well.

We imagine it's scary skydiving, but it's definitely scarier once a 200-pound man strapped to your back slowly ____ your toes to the edge.

Jumping out of a plane is just an idea that's somewhat disconnected from reality until it's actually ____

In the same way, what Future You will be thinking and feeling is just an abstract idea until Future You becomes ____ You.

When we make a decision to ____ something off, we can simulate what the consequences of that decision will be - we'll have less time to work on something, people might get frustrated with us, and we might run into unexpected problems.

But the simulation of what our procrastination will feel like is usually more charitable than the reality ─ ____ underestimate the stress it will cause, the guilt we'll feel for continuing the pattern, or the disappointment that will stem from a missed opportunity.

So, ____ the best human simulators have limitations.

Procrastinators' ____ are weak in general, and they struggle to consider the consequences of their choices.

They're more concerned about what they're doing and how they're feeling in this ____ and less concerned about the future.

As a result, they keep prioritizing what they want right now over what they'll need in the ____