2025년 5월 고3 모의고사 변형 (31-42번)

According to philosopher Habermas, the public sphere is 'the sphere of ____ people come together as a public'.

Habermas's ____ praise of the private sphere contradicts that of the ancients.

It is not a ____ of mere particularity; it harbours its own universals.

It is in fact equal in value ____ the public sphere.

As Habermas explains, 'the public sphere has a complementary relation to this private sphere, from which ____ public, as the bearers of the public sphere, is recruited'.

Habermas pictures the private sphere ____ the waiting room in which people develop the consciousness that enables them to step out in public.

This involves self-confidence, critical faculties, opinion- and will-formation, and so ____

It is in the private sphere, especially the privacy of one's own home, that one is able to find ____ very identity, to achieve existential meaning and a personal conception of the good.

It is the ____ out of which the public sphere is generated, enabling defects in the economic and political systems to be confronted.

Privacy thus qualifies persons for the ____ sphere, for rational-critical interaction in street meetings or on social media.

There is a view of culture that rejects the idea that culture can be ____

This view is exemplified by Xuanzang, the Chinese traveler who went to ____ and brought back Buddhist manuscripts.

It was embraced ____ Arab and Persian scholars who translated Greek philosophy.

It was practiced by countless scribes, teachers, and ____ who found inspiration far outside their local culture.

Culture, for these figures, is made not only from the resources ____ one community but also from encounters with other cultures.

It is crafted not only from the lived experience of individuals but also from borrowed forms and ideas that help individuals understand and articulate their experience ____ new ways.

When seen through the lens of culture as property, these ____ might appear to be unwelcome visitors, appropriators, even thieves.

But they ____ their work with humility and dedication because they understood instinctively that culture evolves through circulation; they knew that false ideas of property and ownership impose limits and constraints, leading to impoverished forms of expression.

An expense that reinforces the honesty of ____ signal is its potential reputational cost.

For example, a signal might be considered costly when there's a greater risk that a dishonest signaller will receive a penalty ____ a result.

____ most powerful signals in nature aren't directed one-to-one.

The brightly coloured ____ frog and the impressive tail of the peacock are for all to see.

The more witnesses of a signal, the higher the risk is for a ____ signaller.

Interestingly, the arrival of digital communications (specifically targeted ads online), is limiting this reputational ____ theoretically reducing the impact of a communicator's signal.

____ Don Marti hypothesises that, in communications, "targeting breaks signalling."

____ means that when you see an advertisement that's targeting you alone, it's more like a cold call than a public message.

It doesn't carry the same credible information about the seller's ____ because it's free of reputational cost.

It's maybe no surprise that ____ sellers have far more success online than through more public communication channels.

To build trust, often it's not just about seeing the message, it's knowing that other ____ have seen it too.

____ someone recounts their story of some tragedy, the other responds with 'I feel for you. That happened to me.'

Through identification, the object of the ____ response shifts from the other person to oneself.

Such identification fails to count as empathy since it is not a genuine instance of sharing in ____ emotional response of the other (with temporarily activated concern for the other) but is a simple projection of the self onto the other.

It is merely one's own ─ imagined or remembered ─ ____ response.

To put this in other words, there is a forgetting that ____ is not you but the other who is in the situation.

What happens in the case of empathy is an ____ to appreciate a situation from another's point of view without losing sight of this being experienced by the other.

In other words, we attempt to consider what it is to experience such circumstances with a particular set of beliefs and ____ that we take the other to hold (which may or may not overlap with our own).

Almost all life shows a 24-hour pattern of activity and rest, ____ bacteria.

It seems very likely that this rhythm evolved as a result of living on a planet that rotates once every 24 hours and that the resultant changes in light, temperature and food availability forced an adaptive evolutionary ____

Diurnal and nocturnal species ____ evolved numerous specializations that have allowed them to perform best under the different conditions of light or dark, but, critically, not both.

Life seems to have made an evolutionary 'decision' to be active at ____ specific part of the day|night cycle, and, as a result, those species that are specialized to be active during the day will not be particularly effective at night.

In the same way, nocturnal animals that are perfectly adapted to move around and hunt under dim or no light fail miserably ____ the day.

The struggle for existence has forced species to become specialists and not generalists, and no species can operate with the same effectiveness ____ the 24-hour light|dark environment.

Flowering ____ and bees are not strict mutualists.

Flowering plants don't want ____ give up all their precious pollen to undesirable pollinators or even to generally dependable pollinating bees.

A small ____ of a flower's pollen grains must make their way to other flowers to ultimately produce seeds and foster new generations of plants.

Bees, on ____ other hand, would like to collect all the pollen and not give any of it up.

This difference ____ to cheaters in the system.

Some nectar-robbing bees cut slits or ____ at the bases of tube-shaped flowers and never deposit pollen on stigmas.

They are ____

Orchids and a few other flowering plants offer no food ____ bee pollinators.

Instead, they deceive male bees into thinking a particular orchid flower is a ____ ready, and waiting female of their species to make them pollinate.

Why not? They produce the ____ chemical scents and even sort of look like those female bees.

The bond of friendship may solve a problem known as the ____ paradox.

When you are facing financial ____ and most need a loan, the bank is unlikely to grant you one as you represent a terrible credit risk.

On the other hand, ____ things are going well the bank is only too happy to offer you funds.

This same dynamic would also have posed ____ deep problem for reciprocal altruism in the world of our ancestors.

Individuals may be least likely to receive help when they most need it, because they are ____ able to reciprocate.

Why would a non-relative come to your aid, ____ a greatly reduced chance of being paid back the favour?

The evolution of friendship provides a solution ____ the dilemma.

The oxytocin-mediated bond between friends ____ them irreplaceable to each other.

So if a friend falls seriously ill, rather than abandoning them to find someone else with whom to ____ in reciprocal altruism, you have an emotional stake in their well-being that compels you to help them pull through.

Friendship may have developed in human evolution as a ____ of insurance.

For most ____ history science was secretive, obscure and often considered indistinguishable from magic.

Modern science by contrast combines observation, interpretation and action in forms that collectivize the knowledge gained ____ institutionalizes them in labs, centres, disciplines, funds and stored memories.

As ____ collective, science polices itself, as happened in 2018 when a Chinese scientist, He Jiankui, announced the birth of twin girls with edited genomes, and was met with a storm of disapproval.

This open and collective nature was ____ early in the history of modern science.

Joseph Glanvill ____ one of its first theorists, arguing in the 1660s that 'free and ingenious exchange of the reasons of our particular sentiments' is the best method of discovering truth and improving knowledge.

Yet this, the increasingly collective nature ____ science, is often missed in stories of individual genius, whether Newton sitting under an apple tree or Einstein writing at night after his job.

But the more we know, the ____ collective science looks, dependent on networks of collaborators, supporters and colleagues.

Social scientists find ____ harder to agree than do natural scientists.

Researchers at the leading edge of physics, for example, may argue fiercely, ____ there is sufficient consensus among the discipline's scholars for an introductory physics textbook to state with authority the basic knowledge that is accepted by the field.

In contrast, introductory social science texts often describe their subjects as a series ____ competing perspectives.

____ are benefits to stressing what divides us.

By taking specific emphases to their logical conclusions, we can readily perceive the arguments that need to be resolved ____ we are to explain this or that aspect of the social world.

Like politicians in elections, advocates ____ particular schools try to put 'clear blue water' between themselves and their rivals.

But, like ____ in power, when the same advocates get round to doing sociology (rather than just advertising their brand of it) they tend to fall back to a common middle ground.

In one ____ series of studies, researchers from the Julius-Maximilians University of Wurzburg, Germany, enrolled test subjects in a well-known experiment called "die under the cup."

In the experiment, participants make a series of die rolls under a cup, the results of which only they ____ see, and then report their results anonymously.

Participants ____ told they would earn money depending on the outcome of their rolls, with higher rolls rewarded more favorably.

To ensure ____ conditions, the researchers varied the time participants had to report their results.

____ the first round, they asked participants to report their results immediately.

In the second, they were instructed to do so after a short ____

The results were clear, supporting what many researchers have long suspected: the results ____ immediately were more honest than those reported after a delay, suggesting that honesty is a more instinctive response and showing that dishonesty takes greater cognitive effort.

In one experiment, the subjects were more likely to produce untruthful responses when they were given ____ delay to respond, which implies that honesty is a response that is made spontaneously.

Our ability to simulate the future ─ which gives Present You a chance to walk in Future You's shoes ─ ____ human brains with a huge evolutionary advantage, but it also has some limitations.

____ one, the simulations don't predict emotional intensity well.

We imagine it's scary skydiving, ____ it's definitely scarier once a 200-pound man strapped to your back slowly pushes your toes to the edge.

Jumping out of a plane is just an idea that's somewhat disconnected from reality until it's ____ happening.

In the same way, what Future You will be thinking and feeling is just an abstract idea until Future You becomes Present ____

When we make a decision to put something off, we can simulate what the consequences of that decision will be - we'll have less time to work ____ something, people might get frustrated with us, and we might run into unexpected problems.

But the simulation of what our procrastination will feel like is usually more charitable than the reality ─ we underestimate the ____ it will cause, the guilt we'll feel for continuing the pattern, or the disappointment that will stem from a missed opportunity.

So, even the best human ____ have limitations.

Procrastinators' simulators are weak in general, and they struggle to consider the consequences of ____ choices.

They're more concerned about what they're doing and how they're feeling ____ this moment and less concerned about the future.

As a result, they keep prioritizing ____ they want right now over what they'll need in the future.