2025년 5월 고3 모의고사 변형 (31-42번)

According to philosopher Habermas, the public sphere is 'the sphere of ____ people come together as a public'.

____ basic praise of the private sphere contradicts that of the ancients.

It is not a realm of mere ____; it harbours its own universals.

It is in fact equal in ____ to the public sphere.

As Habermas ____, 'the public sphere has a complementary relation to this private sphere, from which the public, as the bearers of the public sphere, is recruited'.

Habermas pictures the private sphere as the waiting room in which people develop the consciousness that enables them to ____ out in public.

This involves self-confidence, critical faculties, opinion- and ____, and so on.

It is in the private sphere, especially the ____ of one's own home, that one is able to find one's very identity, to achieve existential meaning and a personal conception of the good.

It is the lifeworld out of which the public sphere is generated, enabling defects in the economic and political systems to be ____.

Privacy thus qualifies persons for the public sphere, for rational-critical interaction in ____ meetings or on social media.

There is a ____ of culture that rejects the idea that culture can be owned.

This view is exemplified by Xuanzang, the Chinese traveler who went to India and brought ____ Buddhist manuscripts.

It was embraced by Arab and Persian ____ who translated Greek philosophy.

It was practiced by countless scribes, teachers, and artists who found inspiration far outside their ____ culture.

Culture, for these figures, is made not only from the resources of one community but also from ____ with other cultures.

It is crafted not only from the lived experience of individuals but also from borrowed ____ and ideas that help individuals understand and articulate their experience in new ways.

When seen through the lens of culture as property, these ____ might appear to be unwelcome visitors, appropriators, even thieves.

But they pursued their work with humility and dedication because they understood instinctively that culture evolves through circulation; they knew that false ideas of property and ownership ____ limits and constraints, leading to impoverished forms of expression.

An expense that reinforces the honesty of a ____ is its potential reputational cost.

For example, a signal might be considered costly ____ there's a greater risk that a dishonest signaller will receive a penalty as a result.

The most powerful ____ in nature aren't directed one-to-one.

The brightly ____ poison frog and the impressive tail of the peacock are for all to see.

The more witnesses of a ____, the higher the risk is for a dishonest signaller.

Interestingly, the arrival of digital communications (specifically targeted ads online), is limiting this reputational risk, theoretically reducing the impact of a ____ signal.

Writer Don Marti hypothesises that, in communications, "____ breaks signalling."

This means that when you see an advertisement that's targeting you alone, it's more like a cold ____ than a public message.

It doesn't carry the same credible information about the seller's intentions because ____ free of reputational cost.

It's maybe no surprise that deceptive sellers have far more success online than through more public communication ____.

To build trust, often it's not just about seeing the message, it's knowing that other ____ have seen it too.

When someone recounts their story of some tragedy, the ____ responds with 'I feel for you. That happened to me.'

Through identification, the object of the emotional response shifts from the ____ person to oneself.

Such identification fails to count as ____ since it is not a genuine instance of sharing in the emotional response of the other (with temporarily activated concern for the other) but is a simple projection of the self onto the other.

It is merely one's own ─ imagined or remembered ─ ____ response.

To ____ this in other words, there is a forgetting that it is not you but the other who is in the situation.

What happens in the case of empathy is an attempt to ____ a situation from another's point of view without losing sight of this being experienced by the other.

In other words, we attempt to consider what it is to experience such circumstances with a particular set of beliefs and desires that we take the other to ____ (which may or may not overlap with our own).

Almost all life shows a 24-hour pattern of activity and rest, even ____.

It seems very likely that this rhythm evolved as a result of living on a planet that rotates once every 24 hours and that the resultant changes in light, temperature and food availability forced an adaptive evolutionary ____.

Diurnal and nocturnal species have evolved numerous specializations that have allowed ____ to perform best under the different conditions of light or dark, but, critically, not both.

Life seems to have made an evolutionary 'decision' to be active at a specific part of the day|night ____, and, as a result, those species that are specialized to be active during the day will not be particularly effective at night.

In the same way, nocturnal animals that are ____ adapted to move around and hunt under dim or no light fail miserably during the day.

The struggle for existence has forced species to become specialists and not generalists, and no species can operate with the same effectiveness across the 24-hour light|dark ____.

Flowering plants and ____ are not strict mutualists.

____ plants don't want to give up all their precious pollen to undesirable pollinators or even to generally dependable pollinating bees.

A small fraction of a flower's pollen grains must make their way to other flowers to ultimately produce ____ and foster new generations of plants.

Bees, on the other hand, would like to ____ all the pollen and not give any of it up.

This difference leads to ____ in the system.

Some nectar-robbing ____ cut slits or holes at the bases of tube-shaped flowers and never deposit pollen on stigmas.

They are ____.

____ and a few other flowering plants offer no food to bee pollinators.

Instead, they deceive male bees into thinking a particular orchid flower is a ____, ready, and waiting female of their species to make them pollinate.

Why not? They produce the same chemical scents and even sort of look like those ____ bees.

The bond of friendship may solve a problem known as the ____ paradox.

When you are ____ financial ruin and most need a loan, the bank is unlikely to grant you one as you represent a terrible credit risk.

On the other ____, when things are going well the bank is only too happy to offer you funds.

This same dynamic would also have ____ a deep problem for reciprocal altruism in the world of our ancestors.

Individuals may be least likely to receive help when they most ____ it, because they are least able to reciprocate.

Why would a non-relative come to your ____, with a greatly reduced chance of being paid back the favour?

The evolution of ____ provides a solution to the dilemma.

The ____ bond between friends makes them irreplaceable to each other.

So if a friend falls seriously ill, rather than abandoning ____ to find someone else with whom to engage in reciprocal altruism, you have an emotional stake in their well-being that compels you to help them pull through.

Friendship may have developed in human evolution as a form of ____.

For most of history science was secretive, ____ and often considered indistinguishable from magic.

Modern science by ____ combines observation, interpretation and action in forms that collectivize the knowledge gained and institutionalizes them in labs, centres, disciplines, funds and stored memories.

As a collective, science polices itself, as happened in 2018 when a Chinese scientist, He ____, announced the birth of twin girls with edited genomes, and was met with a storm of disapproval.

This open and collective ____ was understood early in the history of modern science.

Joseph Glanvill was one of its first theorists, arguing in the 1660s that 'free and ingenious exchange of the reasons of our particular sentiments' is the best method of ____ truth and improving knowledge.

Yet this, the increasingly collective nature of science, is often missed in stories of individual genius, whether Newton sitting under an apple tree or Einstein ____ at night after his job.

But the more we know, the more collective science ____, dependent on networks of collaborators, supporters and colleagues.

Social scientists find it harder to agree than do ____ scientists.

Researchers at the leading edge of physics, for example, may argue fiercely, but there is sufficient consensus among the discipline's scholars for an introductory physics textbook to state with authority the basic knowledge that is accepted by the ____.

In ____, introductory social science texts often describe their subjects as a series of competing perspectives.

There are benefits to ____ what divides us.

By taking specific emphases to their logical conclusions, we can readily perceive the arguments that need to be ____ if we are to explain this or that aspect of the social world.

Like politicians in elections, advocates of ____ schools try to put 'clear blue water' between themselves and their rivals.

But, like ____ in power, when the same advocates get round to doing sociology (rather than just advertising their brand of it) they tend to fall back to a common middle ground.

In one revealing series of studies, researchers ____ the Julius-Maximilians University of Wurzburg, Germany, enrolled test subjects in a well-known experiment called "die under the cup."

In the experiment, participants make a series of die ____ under a cup, the results of which only they can see, and then report their results anonymously.

Participants were told they would earn money depending on the ____ of their rolls, with higher rolls rewarded more favorably.

To ensure appropriate conditions, the ____ varied the time participants had to report their results.

In the first ____, they asked participants to report their results immediately.

In the ____, they were instructed to do so after a short delay.

The results were clear, ____ what many researchers have long suspected: the results reported immediately were more honest than those reported after a delay, suggesting that honesty is a more instinctive response and showing that dishonesty takes greater cognitive effort.

In one experiment, the subjects were more likely to produce ____ responses when they were given a delay to respond, which implies that honesty is a response that is made spontaneously.

Our ability to simulate the future ─ which gives Present ____ a chance to walk in Future You's shoes ─ provides human brains with a huge evolutionary advantage, but it also has some limitations.

For one, the simulations don't predict emotional ____ well.

We imagine it's scary skydiving, but it's definitely scarier ____ a 200-pound man strapped to your back slowly pushes your toes to the edge.

Jumping out of a plane is just an idea that's ____ disconnected from reality until it's actually happening.

In the same way, what Future You will be thinking and feeling is just an abstract idea until Future You becomes ____ You.

When we make a decision to put something off, we can simulate what the consequences of that decision will be - we'll have less time to ____ on something, people might get frustrated with us, and we might run into unexpected problems.

But the simulation of what our procrastination will feel like is usually more charitable than the reality ─ we ____ the stress it will cause, the guilt we'll feel for continuing the pattern, or the disappointment that will stem from a missed opportunity.

So, even the best human ____ have limitations.

Procrastinators' simulators are ____ in general, and they struggle to consider the consequences of their choices.

They're more concerned about what they're doing and how they're feeling in this moment and less concerned ____ the future.

As a result, they keep prioritizing ____ they want right now over what they'll need in the future.