2025년 3월 고2 모의고사 변형 (31-42번)

The explosion of popular music in the second half of the twentieth century as well as the global circulation and dissemination of music by the creative industries ____ a new understanding of accessbility in relation to music.

Suddenly, in the 1950s, anyone ____ pick up spoons, a couple of pans, a second-hand guitar and start a band.

This led to specific genres such as skiffle, but also, more generally, reflected a much more relaxed and inclusive ____ to music making.

While ordinary people had always sung and made music, the popular music movement was driven by ____ spirit of rebellion and freedom.

This approach led to the punk movement, whose musicians even made it a ____ for their music to be non-virtuosic and accessible to all in the 1970s.

____ who had been entirely excluded from music revelled in opportunities to create.

This led to a sense ____ novelty and empowerment in and beyond the music sphere.

Great scientists ____ seldom one-hit wonders.

Newton is a prime example: beyond the Newtonian mechanics, he developed the theory of ____ calculus, laws of motion, and optimization.

In fact, well-known scientists ____ often involved in multiple discoveries, a phenomenon potentially explained by the Matthew effect.

Indeed, an initial success may offer a scientist legitimacy, improve peer perception, provide knowledge of how to score and win, enhance social status, and attract resources and quality collaborators, ____ of these payoffs further increasing her odds of scoring another win.

____ there is an appealing alternative explanation: Great scientists have multiple hits and consistently succeed in their scientific endeavors simply because they're exceptionally talented.

Therefore, future success again goes to those ____ have had success earlier, not because of advantages offered by the previous success, but because the earlier success was indicative of a hidden talent.

The Matthew effect posits that ____ alone increases the future probability of success, raising the question:

Does status dictate outcomes, or does ____ simply reflect an underlying talent or quality?

In other words, is there really a Matthew effect after ____

When we realize we've said something in error and we pause to go back to correct it, we stop gesturing a couple of hundred milliseconds before we ____ speaking.

Such sequences suggest the startling notion that our hands "know" what we're going to say before our conscious minds do, ____ in fact this is often the case.

____ can mentally prime a word so that the right term comes to our lips.

When people are prevented from gesturing, they talk less fluently; their speech becomes halting because ____ hands are no longer able to supply them with the next word, and the next.

Not being able to gesture has other deleterious effects: without gesture to help our mental processes along, we ____ less useful information, we solve problems less well, and we are less able to explain our thinking.

Far from tagging along as speech's clumsy companion, gesture represents ____ leading edge of our thought.

Despite the difference between the past and the future, between what has happened and ____ is to come, it can be suggested, that our sense of the past has always been influenced by our view of the future.

Revolutionaries have always looked to the past to frame their future cause, as is amply illustrated by examples from nationalism to ____

The future has often been ____ as variously a recovery of a lost time, as a replication of what is established, or as a model bequeathed by a heroic age long gone.

The writing of history is based on understanding or explaining future outcomes that were not known to contemporaries, since the historian has the benefit of hindsight and the past is nothing more than the accumulation of futures ____ are now our past.

So, rather than ____ the hand of the past always shaping the future, perhaps it can be seen in reverse, with the past ─ in the sense of our understanding of it ─ being shaped by our orientation to the future.

____ are relatively good resources for anyone interested in finding out what a word means.

Using one set ____ words to define another word is called a lexical definition.

But it's important to understand the ____ of dictionary definitions.

More often than not, a definition in a dictionary requires readers to ____ a fairly robust understanding of the language already at their disposal.

In other words, a dictionary functions in many cases as a cross-reference or translator between words one ____ and words that one doesn't yet know.

Even the most obscure words in a dictionary, say, for example, "pulchritudinous" or "kalokagathia," must be defined using words ____ the reader already knows and understands.

Otherwise, ____ dictionary isn't very helpful.

The governments of virtually every country on the planet attach great importance to ____ food security and a wide variety of mechanisms have been developed to realize this goal.

The first issue governments face in ____ national food security is the problem of insuring that adequate amounts of food are available to the resident population.

Some governments have set goals of food self-sufficiency, which means ____ if not all of the food available in a country comes from the domestic farming system.

However, food security does not require food self-sufficiency because countries can import food ____ not easily produced within the country.

Agricultural products are, after all, highly sensitive to ____ soil and other conditions that tend to vary around the world.

Even countries with extremely ____ agricultural sectors are not fully self-sufficient in all food items.

The United States, for example, depends on imports for its supply of coffee, tea, ____ and other tropical products.

____ general, the problem of assuring adequate food supplies is solved by relying on both domestic production and imports.

Stress not only affects ____ disease but also the very structure of our brains, making us even more likely to experience a drained brain.

A number of studies have been ____ to reveal what happens in healthy people's brains when they go through something stressful.

One study demonstrated a link between a smaller hippocampus and people who had experienced long-lasting ____

Why does ____ matter?

This part of the brain helps you remain resilient in the face of stress ____ is involved in mood regulation.

It also helps you to monitor the safety of your environment and store dangerous images in your longterm memory so you can avoid ____ in the future.

It does all these things as part of its duties of regulating your sympathetic and ____ nervous systems.

But chronic stress ____ confuse the hippocampus and lead to turning signals for cortisol "on" instead of "off," which can trap you in a constant state of fight, flight, or freeze.

It is important to recognize that although science is a rule-based procedure, it is very much a creative ____

A conjecture is a philosophical invention, cooked up rather mystically by the mind through the ____ computation we call careful contemplation.

However, until the hypothesis is tested against ____ it is not yet truly knowledge; it is just information that represents speculation.

Knowledge is information that ____ demonstrated its usefulness.

It is what is left over after cycles of experimental testing have eliminated false ____

As scientists continually test ____ hypotheses and modify their models to account for new and surprising data, a kind of "learning loop" emerges that statisticians call Bayesian updating.

Based on Bayes' Rule, developed by eighteenth-century ____ statistician and philosopher Thomas Bayes, Bayesian updating refers to a mathematical process whereby an accepted theory or predictive model gets increasingly accurate through the repetitive testing of competing variants of that theory.

As a general rule, it's better if your definition corresponds as closely as possible to the way in which ____ term is ordinarily used in the kinds of debates to which your claims are pertinent.

There will be, however, occasions where it is appropriate, even necessary, to coin special uses through ____ philosophers call stimulative definition.

This would be the case where the current lexicon is not able to ____ distinctions that you think are philosophically important.

For example, we do not have a term in ordinary language that describes a memory that is not necessarily a memory of something the person having it has ____

Such a thing would ____ for example, if I could somehow share your memories:

I would have ____ memory-type experience, but this would not be of something that I had actually experienced.

To call ____ a memory would be misleading.

For this reason, philosophers have coined the special term 'quasimemory' to refer to ____ hypothetical memory-like experiences.

Quite often the interaction between groups is socially unequal, and this is reflected in the fact that in many cases borrowing ____ words or constructions goes mostly or entirely in one direction, from the more powerful or prestigious group to the less favored one.

The languages of socially subordinated groups may from quite an early period of contact provide terminology for objects or practices with which speakers of the more powerful group were previously unfamiliar, ____ the effects of contact in that direction may not progress any further than this.

In some cases, as with the Dharug language of Sydney, Australia, the source of some of the earliest loans from Indigenous Australian languages into English, the fate ____ the language system is extinction after the obliteration of many of its speakers.

The remainder shifted to varieties of English, the language of the ____ who had suppressed them.

Language borrowing from dominant to subordinate groups reflects social inequality, where the ____ systems of the latter often vanish even though they may have provided some terms, as exemplified by Dharug in Australia.

In 1900, at the close of ____ first decade in which electric systems had become a practical alternative for manufacturers, less than 5 percent of the power used in factories came from electricity.

But the technological advances of suppliers made ____ systems and electric motors ever more affordable and reliable, and the suppliers' intensive marketing programs also sped the adoption of the new technology.

Further accelerating the shift was the rapid expansion in the number of skilled electrical engineers, who provided the expertise needed to install and ____ the new systems.

In short order, electric power had ____ from exotic to commonplace.

But ____ thing didn't change.

Factories continued to build their own power-supply systems ____ their own premises.

Few manufacturers considered buying ____ from the small central stations.

Designed to supply lighting ____ local homes and shops, the central stations had neither the size nor the skill to serve the needs of big factories.

And the factory owners, having always supplied their own ____ were loath to assign such a critical function to an outsider.

They knew that ____ glitch in power supply would bring their operations to a halt ─ and that a lot of glitches might well mean bankruptcy.

As the ____ century began, a survey found that there were already 50,000 private electric plants in operation, far surpassing the 3,600 central stations.