2025년 3월 고2 모의고사 변형 (31-42번)

The explosion of popular music in the second ____ of the twentieth century as well as the global circulation and dissemination of music by the creative industries propelled a new understanding of accessbility in relation to music.

Suddenly, in the 1950s, anyone ____ pick up spoons, a couple of pans, a second-hand guitar and start a band.

This led to specific genres such as skiffle, but also, more generally, reflected a much more relaxed and inclusive ____ to music making.

While ordinary people had always sung and made music, the popular music ____ was driven by a spirit of rebellion and freedom.

This approach led to the punk movement, whose musicians even made it a condition for their music to be non-virtuosic and accessible to ____ in the 1970s.

Groups who had been entirely excluded from ____ revelled in opportunities to create.

This led to a ____ of novelty and empowerment in and beyond the music sphere.

Great ____ are seldom one-hit wonders.

____ is a prime example: beyond the Newtonian mechanics, he developed the theory of gravitation, calculus, laws of motion, and optimization.

In fact, well-known scientists are often involved in multiple discoveries, a phenomenon potentially ____ by the Matthew effect.

Indeed, an initial success may offer a scientist legitimacy, improve peer perception, provide knowledge of how to score and win, enhance social status, and attract resources and quality collaborators, each of these payoffs further increasing her ____ of scoring another win.

Yet, there is an appealing alternative explanation: Great scientists have multiple hits and consistently succeed in their scientific endeavors ____ because they're exceptionally talented.

Therefore, future success again goes to ____ who have had success earlier, not because of advantages offered by the previous success, but because the earlier success was indicative of a hidden talent.

The Matthew effect posits that success alone increases the future probability of ____ raising the question:

Does status dictate ____ or does it simply reflect an underlying talent or quality?

In other words, is there really a Matthew ____ after all?

When we realize we've said something in error and we pause to go back to correct it, we ____ gesturing a couple of hundred milliseconds before we stop speaking.

Such sequences suggest the startling notion that our hands "know" what we're going to say before our conscious minds ____ and in fact this is often the case.

Gesture can mentally prime ____ word so that the right term comes to our lips.

When people are prevented from gesturing, they talk less fluently; their speech becomes halting because their hands are ____ longer able to supply them with the next word, and the next.

Not being able to gesture has other deleterious effects: without gesture to ____ our mental processes along, we remember less useful information, we solve problems less well, and we are less able to explain our thinking.

Far from tagging ____ as speech's clumsy companion, gesture represents the leading edge of our thought.

Despite the difference between the past and the future, between what has happened and what is to come, it can be suggested, that our sense of the past has always been influenced by our view of the ____

Revolutionaries have always looked to the past ____ frame their future cause, as is amply illustrated by examples from nationalism to communism.

The future has often been seen as variously a recovery of a lost time, as a replication of what is established, or as a model ____ by a heroic age long gone.

The writing of history is based on understanding or explaining future outcomes that were not known to contemporaries, since the historian ____ the benefit of hindsight and the past is nothing more than the accumulation of futures that are now our past.

So, rather than see the hand of the past always shaping the future, perhaps it can be seen in reverse, with the past ─ ____ the sense of our understanding of it ─ being shaped by our orientation to the future.

Dictionaries are relatively good resources for anyone ____ in finding out what a word means.

Using one set of words to define ____ word is called a lexical definition.

But it's important to understand the limits of ____ definitions.

More often than not, a definition in a dictionary requires readers to have a fairly robust understanding of the language already at ____ disposal.

In other words, a dictionary functions in many cases as a cross-reference or ____ between words one knows and words that one doesn't yet know.

Even the most obscure words in a dictionary, say, for example, "pulchritudinous" or "kalokagathia," must ____ defined using words that the reader already knows and understands.

Otherwise, the ____ isn't very helpful.

The governments of virtually every country on the planet attach great ____ to achieving food security and a wide variety of mechanisms have been developed to realize this goal.

The first issue governments face in achieving national food security is the problem of insuring that adequate amounts of food are available to ____ resident population.

Some governments ____ set goals of food self-sufficiency, which means most if not all of the food available in a country comes from the domestic farming system.

However, food security does not require food self-sufficiency because countries can import ____ items not easily produced within the country.

Agricultural products are, after all, highly sensitive to climatic, soil and other conditions that tend ____ vary around the world.

Even countries with extremely productive agricultural sectors are not fully self-sufficient in all ____ items.

The United States, for example, depends on imports for its supply of coffee, ____ bananas and other tropical products.

In general, the problem of assuring adequate ____ supplies is solved by relying on both domestic production and imports.

Stress not only affects physical ____ but also the very structure of our brains, making us even more likely to experience a drained brain.

A number of studies have ____ done to reveal what happens in healthy people's brains when they go through something stressful.

One study demonstrated a ____ between a smaller hippocampus and people who had experienced long-lasting stress.

Why does ____ matter?

This part of the brain helps you remain ____ in the face of stress and is involved in mood regulation.

It also helps you to monitor the safety of your environment and store dangerous images in your longterm memory so you can avoid them in ____ future.

It does all these things as part of its ____ of regulating your sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

But chronic stress ____ confuse the hippocampus and lead to turning signals for cortisol "on" instead of "off," which can trap you in a constant state of fight, flight, or freeze.

It ____ important to recognize that although science is a rule-based procedure, it is very much a creative process.

A conjecture is a philosophical invention, cooked up rather mystically by the mind through the mental computation we ____ careful contemplation.

However, until the hypothesis is tested against reality, it is not yet truly knowledge; it is just ____ that represents speculation.

Knowledge is information that ____ demonstrated its usefulness.

It is what is left over after cycles of ____ testing have eliminated false theories.

As scientists continually test their hypotheses and ____ their models to account for new and surprising data, a kind of "learning loop" emerges that statisticians call Bayesian updating.

Based on Bayes' Rule, ____ by eighteenth-century English statistician and philosopher Thomas Bayes, Bayesian updating refers to a mathematical process whereby an accepted theory or predictive model gets increasingly accurate through the repetitive testing of competing variants of that theory.

As a general rule, it's better if your definition corresponds as closely as possible to the way in which the term is ordinarily used in the kinds of debates to which your claims ____ pertinent.

There will be, ____ occasions where it is appropriate, even necessary, to coin special uses through what philosophers call stimulative definition.

This would be the case where the current lexicon is ____ able to make distinctions that you think are philosophically important.

For example, we do not have a term in ordinary language that describes a memory that is not necessarily a memory of something the person ____ it has experienced.

Such a thing would occur, for example, if I could somehow share ____ memories:

I would have a memory-type experience, but this would not be of something that I had ____ experienced.

To call ____ a memory would be misleading.

For this reason, philosophers have coined ____ special term 'quasimemory' to refer to these hypothetical memory-like experiences.

Quite often the interaction between groups is socially ____ and this is reflected in the fact that in many cases borrowing of words or constructions goes mostly or entirely in one direction, from the more powerful or prestigious group to the less favored one.

The languages of socially subordinated groups may from quite an early period of contact provide terminology for objects or practices with which speakers of the more powerful group were previously unfamiliar, ____ the effects of contact in that direction may not progress any further than this.

In some cases, as with the Dharug language of Sydney, Australia, the source of some of the earliest loans from Indigenous Australian ____ into English, the fate of the language system is extinction after the obliteration of many of its speakers.

The remainder ____ to varieties of English, the language of the people who had suppressed them.

Language borrowing from dominant to subordinate groups reflects social inequality, where the language systems of the latter often vanish even though they ____ have provided some terms, as exemplified by Dharug in Australia.

In 1900, at the close of the first decade in which electric systems had become a practical alternative for ____ less than 5 percent of the power used in factories came from electricity.

But the technological advances of suppliers made electric systems and electric motors ever more affordable and reliable, and the ____ intensive marketing programs also sped the adoption of the new technology.

Further accelerating the shift was the rapid expansion in the number of skilled electrical engineers, who provided the expertise needed to install and run the new ____

In short order, electric power ____ gone from exotic to commonplace.

But one thing ____ change.

Factories continued to build ____ own power-supply systems on their own premises.

____ manufacturers considered buying electricity from the small central stations.

Designed to supply lighting to local homes and shops, the ____ stations had neither the size nor the skill to serve the needs of big factories.

And the factory owners, having always supplied their own power, were loath to assign such a ____ function to an outsider.

They knew that ____ glitch in power supply would bring their operations to a halt ─ and that a lot of glitches might well mean bankruptcy.

As the new century began, a survey ____ that there were already 50,000 private electric plants in operation, far surpassing the 3,600 central stations.