2025년 3월 고2 모의고사 변형 (31-42번)

The explosion of popular music in the second half of the twentieth century as well as the global circulation ____ dissemination of music by the creative industries propelled a new understanding of accessbility in relation to music.

Suddenly, in the 1950s, anyone could pick up spoons, a couple of pans, a second-hand ____ and start a band.

This led to specific genres such ____ skiffle, but also, more generally, reflected a much more relaxed and inclusive attitude to music making.

While ordinary people ____ always sung and made music, the popular music movement was driven by a spirit of rebellion and freedom.

This approach led to the punk movement, whose musicians even made it a condition for their music to be non-virtuosic ____ accessible to all in the 1970s.

Groups who had been entirely excluded from music revelled in ____ to create.

This led to a sense of novelty and empowerment in and beyond the ____ sphere.

____ scientists are seldom one-hit wonders.

Newton is a prime example: beyond the Newtonian mechanics, ____ developed the theory of gravitation, calculus, laws of motion, and optimization.

In fact, well-known scientists are often ____ in multiple discoveries, a phenomenon potentially explained by the Matthew effect.

Indeed, an initial success may offer a scientist legitimacy, improve peer perception, provide knowledge of how to score ____ win, enhance social status, and attract resources and quality collaborators, each of these payoffs further increasing her odds of scoring another win.

Yet, ____ is an appealing alternative explanation: Great scientists have multiple hits and consistently succeed in their scientific endeavors simply because they're exceptionally talented.

Therefore, future success again goes ____ those who have had success earlier, not because of advantages offered by the previous success, but because the earlier success was indicative of a hidden talent.

The Matthew effect posits that success alone increases the future probability of ____ raising the question:

Does status dictate ____ or does it simply reflect an underlying talent or quality?

In other words, is there really a Matthew ____ after all?

When we realize we've said something in error and ____ pause to go back to correct it, we stop gesturing a couple of hundred milliseconds before we stop speaking.

Such sequences suggest the ____ notion that our hands "know" what we're going to say before our conscious minds do, and in fact this is often the case.

Gesture can mentally prime a word so that the right term comes ____ our lips.

When people are prevented from gesturing, they talk less fluently; their speech becomes halting because their hands are no longer able to supply them with the next ____ and the next.

Not being able to gesture has other deleterious effects: without gesture to help our mental ____ along, we remember less useful information, we solve problems less well, and we are less able to explain our thinking.

Far from tagging ____ as speech's clumsy companion, gesture represents the leading edge of our thought.

Despite the difference between ____ past and the future, between what has happened and what is to come, it can be suggested, that our sense of the past has always been influenced by our view of the future.

Revolutionaries have always looked to the past to frame their future cause, as is amply illustrated by examples from nationalism to ____

____ future has often been seen as variously a recovery of a lost time, as a replication of what is established, or as a model bequeathed by a heroic age long gone.

The writing of history is based on understanding or explaining future outcomes that were not ____ to contemporaries, since the historian has the benefit of hindsight and the past is nothing more than the accumulation of futures that are now our past.

So, rather than see the hand of the past always shaping the future, perhaps it can be seen in reverse, with the past ─ in the sense of our understanding ____ it ─ being shaped by our orientation to the future.

Dictionaries are relatively good resources for anyone interested ____ finding out what a word means.

Using ____ set of words to define another word is called a lexical definition.

____ it's important to understand the limits of dictionary definitions.

More often than not, a definition in a dictionary requires readers to have a fairly robust ____ of the language already at their disposal.

In other words, a dictionary ____ in many cases as a cross-reference or translator between words one knows and words that one doesn't yet know.

Even the most obscure words in a dictionary, say, for example, "pulchritudinous" or "kalokagathia," must be defined using words ____ the reader already knows and understands.

Otherwise, the dictionary isn't very ____

The governments of virtually every country on the planet attach great importance to achieving food security and a wide variety of mechanisms have been developed to ____ this goal.

The first issue governments face in achieving national food security is the problem of insuring that adequate amounts of food are ____ to the resident population.

Some governments have set goals of food self-sufficiency, which means most if not all of the food available in a country comes from the domestic ____ system.

However, food security does not ____ food self-sufficiency because countries can import food items not easily produced within the country.

Agricultural products are, after all, highly sensitive to climatic, soil and ____ conditions that tend to vary around the world.

Even countries ____ extremely productive agricultural sectors are not fully self-sufficient in all food items.

The United States, for example, depends ____ imports for its supply of coffee, tea, bananas and other tropical products.

In general, the problem of assuring adequate food supplies is solved by relying on both domestic ____ and imports.

Stress not only affects physical disease but also the very structure of our brains, making us ____ more likely to experience a drained brain.

____ number of studies have been done to reveal what happens in healthy people's brains when they go through something stressful.

One ____ demonstrated a link between a smaller hippocampus and people who had experienced long-lasting stress.

Why ____ this matter?

This ____ of the brain helps you remain resilient in the face of stress and is involved in mood regulation.

It also helps you to monitor the safety of your environment and store dangerous images in your longterm memory so you can avoid them ____ the future.

It does all these things as part of its duties of ____ your sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

But chronic stress can confuse the hippocampus and lead to turning signals ____ cortisol "on" instead of "off," which can trap you in a constant state of fight, flight, or freeze.

It is important to recognize that although science ____ a rule-based procedure, it is very much a creative process.

A ____ is a philosophical invention, cooked up rather mystically by the mind through the mental computation we call careful contemplation.

However, until the hypothesis is tested against reality, it is not yet truly knowledge; it is ____ information that represents speculation.

Knowledge is ____ that has demonstrated its usefulness.

It is what is left over after cycles ____ experimental testing have eliminated false theories.

As scientists continually test their hypotheses and modify their models to account for new and surprising data, a kind of "learning loop" ____ that statisticians call Bayesian updating.

Based on Bayes' Rule, developed by eighteenth-century English statistician and philosopher Thomas Bayes, Bayesian updating refers to a mathematical process whereby an accepted theory or predictive ____ gets increasingly accurate through the repetitive testing of competing variants of that theory.

As a general rule, it's better if your definition corresponds as closely as possible to the way in which the term is ordinarily used in the kinds ____ debates to which your claims are pertinent.

There will be, however, occasions where it is appropriate, even necessary, ____ coin special uses through what philosophers call stimulative definition.

This would be the case where the current lexicon is not able to make distinctions that ____ think are philosophically important.

For example, we do not have a term in ordinary language that describes a memory that is ____ necessarily a memory of something the person having it has experienced.

Such a thing ____ occur, for example, if I could somehow share your memories:

I would have a memory-type experience, but this would ____ be of something that I had actually experienced.

To call this ____ memory would be misleading.

For this reason, ____ have coined the special term 'quasimemory' to refer to these hypothetical memory-like experiences.

Quite often the interaction between groups is socially unequal, and this is reflected in the fact that in many cases borrowing of words or constructions goes mostly or entirely in one direction, from ____ more powerful or prestigious group to the less favored one.

The languages of socially subordinated groups may from quite an early period of contact provide terminology ____ objects or practices with which speakers of the more powerful group were previously unfamiliar, but the effects of contact in that direction may not progress any further than this.

In some cases, as with the Dharug language of Sydney, Australia, the source of some of the earliest loans from Indigenous Australian languages ____ English, the fate of the language system is extinction after the obliteration of many of its speakers.

The remainder shifted to varieties of ____ the language of the people who had suppressed them.

Language borrowing from dominant to subordinate groups reflects social inequality, where the language systems of the latter often vanish even ____ they may have provided some terms, as exemplified by Dharug in Australia.

In 1900, at the close of the first decade in which electric systems had become a practical alternative for manufacturers, less than 5 percent of the power used in factories ____ from electricity.

____ the technological advances of suppliers made electric systems and electric motors ever more affordable and reliable, and the suppliers' intensive marketing programs also sped the adoption of the new technology.

Further accelerating the shift was the rapid expansion in the number of skilled electrical engineers, who provided the expertise ____ to install and run the new systems.

In short order, electric power had gone from exotic ____ commonplace.

But one thing ____ change.

Factories continued to build their own ____ systems on their own premises.

Few manufacturers considered buying electricity from ____ small central stations.

Designed to supply lighting to local homes and shops, the central stations had ____ the size nor the skill to serve the needs of big factories.

And the factory owners, having always supplied ____ own power, were loath to assign such a critical function to an outsider.

They knew that a glitch in power supply would ____ their operations to a halt ─ and that a lot of glitches might well mean bankruptcy.

As the new century began, a survey ____ that there were already 50,000 private electric plants in operation, far surpassing the 3,600 central stations.