2025년 3월 고2 모의고사 변형 (31-42번)

The explosion of popular music in the second half of the twentieth century as well as the global circulation and dissemination of music by the ____ industries propelled a new understanding of accessbility in relation to music.

Suddenly, in the 1950s, anyone could pick up spoons, a ____ of pans, a second-hand guitar and start a band.

This led to specific genres such as skiffle, but also, more generally, reflected a much more relaxed and ____ attitude to music making.

While ____ people had always sung and made music, the popular music movement was driven by a spirit of rebellion and freedom.

This approach led to the punk movement, whose ____ even made it a condition for their music to be non-virtuosic and accessible to all in the 1970s.

Groups who had been entirely excluded from music ____ in opportunities to create.

This led to a sense of novelty and empowerment in and beyond the music ____.

____ scientists are seldom one-hit wonders.

Newton is a prime example: beyond the Newtonian mechanics, he developed the theory of gravitation, calculus, laws of motion, and ____.

In fact, well-known ____ are often involved in multiple discoveries, a phenomenon potentially explained by the Matthew effect.

Indeed, an initial success may offer a scientist legitimacy, improve peer perception, provide knowledge of how to score and win, enhance social status, and attract resources and quality collaborators, ____ of these payoffs further increasing her odds of scoring another win.

Yet, there is an appealing ____ explanation: Great scientists have multiple hits and consistently succeed in their scientific endeavors simply because they're exceptionally talented.

Therefore, ____ success again goes to those who have had success earlier, not because of advantages offered by the previous success, but because the earlier success was indicative of a hidden talent.

The Matthew effect posits that success alone ____ the future probability of success, raising the question:

Does status dictate outcomes, or ____ it simply reflect an underlying talent or quality?

In ____ words, is there really a Matthew effect after all?

When we realize we've said something in error and we pause to go back to correct it, we stop gesturing a couple of hundred milliseconds ____ we stop speaking.

Such sequences suggest the startling notion that our hands "know" what we're going to say before our conscious minds do, and in fact this is often the ____.

Gesture can ____ prime a word so that the right term comes to our lips.

When people are prevented from gesturing, they talk less fluently; their speech becomes halting because their hands are no longer able to supply them with the ____ word, and the next.

Not being able to gesture has other deleterious effects: without gesture to help our mental processes along, we remember less useful information, we solve problems less well, and we are less able to ____ our thinking.

Far from tagging along as speech's clumsy companion, gesture ____ the leading edge of our thought.

Despite the difference between the past and the future, between what has happened and what is to come, it can be ____, that our sense of the past has always been influenced by our view of the future.

____ have always looked to the past to frame their future cause, as is amply illustrated by examples from nationalism to communism.

The future has often ____ seen as variously a recovery of a lost time, as a replication of what is established, or as a model bequeathed by a heroic age long gone.

The writing of history is based on understanding or explaining future outcomes that were not known to contemporaries, ____ the historian has the benefit of hindsight and the past is nothing more than the accumulation of futures that are now our past.

So, rather than see the hand of the past always shaping the future, perhaps it can be seen in reverse, with the past ─ in the ____ of our understanding of it ─ being shaped by our orientation to the future.

Dictionaries are ____ good resources for anyone interested in finding out what a word means.

Using one set of words to define another word is ____ a lexical definition.

But it's important to ____ the limits of dictionary definitions.

____ often than not, a definition in a dictionary requires readers to have a fairly robust understanding of the language already at their disposal.

In other words, a dictionary functions in many cases as a cross-reference or translator between words one ____ and words that one doesn't yet know.

Even the most obscure ____ in a dictionary, say, for example, "pulchritudinous" or "kalokagathia," must be defined using words that the reader already knows and understands.

____, the dictionary isn't very helpful.

The governments of virtually every country on the planet attach great importance to achieving food security and a ____ variety of mechanisms have been developed to realize this goal.

The first issue governments face in achieving national food security is the problem of insuring that adequate amounts of food are ____ to the resident population.

Some governments have set goals of food self-sufficiency, which means most if not all of the food available in a country comes from the ____ farming system.

However, food security does not require food self-sufficiency because countries can ____ food items not easily produced within the country.

____ products are, after all, highly sensitive to climatic, soil and other conditions that tend to vary around the world.

Even countries with extremely productive agricultural ____ are not fully self-sufficient in all food items.

The United States, for example, depends on imports for ____ supply of coffee, tea, bananas and other tropical products.

In general, the problem of assuring adequate food supplies is solved by ____ on both domestic production and imports.

Stress not only affects physical disease but also the very structure of our brains, ____ us even more likely to experience a drained brain.

A number of studies ____ been done to reveal what happens in healthy people's brains when they go through something stressful.

One study demonstrated a link between a smaller ____ and people who had experienced long-lasting stress.

Why ____ this matter?

This part of the brain helps ____ remain resilient in the face of stress and is involved in mood regulation.

It also helps you to monitor the safety of your environment and store dangerous images in your longterm ____ so you can avoid them in the future.

It does all ____ things as part of its duties of regulating your sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

But chronic stress can confuse the hippocampus and lead to turning ____ for cortisol "on" instead of "off," which can trap you in a constant state of fight, flight, or freeze.

It is important to recognize that although science is a rule-based ____, it is very much a creative process.

A conjecture is a philosophical invention, cooked up rather mystically by the mind through the mental computation we call careful ____.

However, until the hypothesis is tested against ____, it is not yet truly knowledge; it is just information that represents speculation.

Knowledge is information that ____ demonstrated its usefulness.

It is what is left over after ____ of experimental testing have eliminated false theories.

As scientists continually test their hypotheses and modify their models to ____ for new and surprising data, a kind of "learning loop" emerges that statisticians call Bayesian updating.

Based on Bayes' Rule, developed by eighteenth-century English statistician and philosopher ____ Bayes, Bayesian updating refers to a mathematical process whereby an accepted theory or predictive model gets increasingly accurate through the repetitive testing of competing variants of that theory.

As a general rule, it's better if your ____ corresponds as closely as possible to the way in which the term is ordinarily used in the kinds of debates to which your claims are pertinent.

There will be, however, occasions where it is appropriate, even necessary, to ____ special uses through what philosophers call stimulative definition.

This ____ be the case where the current lexicon is not able to make distinctions that you think are philosophically important.

For example, we do not have a term in ordinary language that describes a memory that is not necessarily a memory of ____ the person having it has experienced.

Such a thing would occur, for example, if I ____ somehow share your memories:

I would have a memory-type experience, but this ____ not be of something that I had actually experienced.

To call this a ____ would be misleading.

For this reason, philosophers have coined the special term 'quasimemory' to refer to these hypothetical memory-like ____.

Quite often the interaction between ____ is socially unequal, and this is reflected in the fact that in many cases borrowing of words or constructions goes mostly or entirely in one direction, from the more powerful or prestigious group to the less favored one.

The languages of socially subordinated groups may from quite an early period of contact provide terminology for objects or practices with which speakers of the more powerful ____ were previously unfamiliar, but the effects of contact in that direction may not progress any further than this.

In some cases, as with the Dharug language of Sydney, Australia, the source of some of the earliest ____ from Indigenous Australian languages into English, the fate of the language system is extinction after the obliteration of many of its speakers.

The remainder shifted to varieties of ____, the language of the people who had suppressed them.

Language borrowing from dominant to subordinate groups reflects social inequality, where the language systems of the latter often vanish even ____ they may have provided some terms, as exemplified by Dharug in Australia.

In 1900, at the close of the first decade in which electric systems had become a practical alternative for manufacturers, less than 5 percent of the power used in factories came from ____.

But the technological advances of suppliers ____ electric systems and electric motors ever more affordable and reliable, and the suppliers' intensive marketing programs also sped the adoption of the new technology.

Further ____ the shift was the rapid expansion in the number of skilled electrical engineers, who provided the expertise needed to install and run the new systems.

In short order, electric power had ____ from exotic to commonplace.

But one ____ didn't change.

Factories continued to build their own power-supply ____ on their own premises.

Few manufacturers considered ____ electricity from the small central stations.

Designed to ____ lighting to local homes and shops, the central stations had neither the size nor the skill to serve the needs of big factories.

And the factory owners, having always ____ their own power, were loath to assign such a critical function to an outsider.

They knew that a glitch in power supply would bring their operations to a halt ─ and that a lot of glitches might well ____ bankruptcy.

As the new century began, a survey found that there were already 50,000 private electric plants in operation, far surpassing the 3,600 ____ stations.