2025 수능 영어 변형 (31-42번)

Literature can be helpful in the language learning process because of the personal involvement ____ fosters in readers.

Core language teaching materials must concentrate ____ how a language operates both as a rule-based system and as a sociosemantic system.

Very often, the process of learning is essentially ____ piecemeal, and, at the level of the personality, fairly superficial.

Engaging ____ with literature enables learners to shift the focus of their attention beyond the more mechanical aspects of the foreign language system.

When a novel, play or short story is explored over a period of time, the result ____ that the reader begins to ‘inhabit’ the text.

He or ____ is drawn into the book.

Pinpointing what individual words or phrases may mean becomes less ____ than pursuing the development of the story.

The reader is eager to ____ out what happens as events unfold; he or she feels close to certain characters and shares their emotional responses.

The language becomes ‘transparent’ ― the fiction draws ____ whole person into its own world.

Education, at its best, teaches more than ____ knowledge.

It teaches critical thinking: the ability ____ stop and think before acting, to avoid succumbing to emotional pressures.

This is not thought control. It is the very reverse: mental ____

Even the most advanced intellectual will be imperfect at ____ skill.

But even imperfect possession of it frees a person from the burden of being ‘stimulus-driven’, constantly reacting to the immediate environment, ____ brightest colours or loudest sounds.

Being driven by heuristic responses, living by instinct and emotion all the time, is a very easy way to live, in many ways: thought is effortful, especially ____ the inexperienced.

____ emotions are also exhausting, and short-term reactions may not, in the long term, be the most beneficial for health and survival.

Just as we reach for burgers for the sake of convenience, storing up ____ arterial fat which may one day kill us, so our reliance on feelings can do us great harm.

____ are famously living in the era of the attention economy, where the largest and most profitable businesses in the world are those that consume my attention.

The ____ industry is literally dedicated to capturing the conscious hours of my life and selling them to someone else.

It might seem magical that so many exciting and useful software systems are available to use for free, but it is now conventional wisdom that if you can’t see who is paying for something that appears to be free, then the real product being sold ____ you.

Our creative engagement with other people is mediated by AI-based recommendation systems that are designed to trap our ____ through the process that Nick Seaver calls captology, keeping us attending to work sold by one company rather than another, replacing the freedom of personal exploration with algorithm-generated playlists or even algorithm-generated art.

Centralized, formal rules can facilitate ____ activity by establishing roles and practices.

The rules of baseball don’t just regulate the behavior of the players; they determine the ____ that constitutes playing the game.

Rules do not prevent people from playing baseball; ____ create the very practice that allows people to play baseball.

A score ____ music imposes rules, but it also creates a pattern of conduct that enables people to produce music.

Legal rules that enable the formation of corporations, that ____ the use of wills and trusts, that create negotiable instruments, and that establish the practice of contracting all make practices that create new opportunities for individuals.

And we have legal rules ____ establish roles individuals play within the legal system, such as judges, trustees, partners, and guardians.

True, the legal rules that establish these roles constrain the behavior of individuals who occupy them, ____ rules also create the roles themselves.

Without them an individual ____ not have the opportunity to occupy the role.

The expansion of ____ tourism in the twentieth century has been influenced by further developments in transportation.

Just as the railways revolutionized travel in the ____ century, so the automobile produced even more dramatic changes in the twentieth.

The significance of the car ____ the development of sport and tourism generally has attracted considerable coverage and it has had no less an impact on sports tourism specifically.

Although originally invented towards the end of the nineteenth century, it started to become a mass form of transport in the 1920s in the USA and rather ____ in Britain.

Apart from its convenience and ____ the car has the additional advantages of affording access to many areas not served by public transport, as well as allowing the easy transport of luggage and equipment.

As a result, it was invaluable for the development of many forms of sports tourism but especially those ____ require the transportation of people and equipment to relatively remote locations.

The potential for market enforcement is greater when contracting parties have developed reputational capital that ____ be devalued when contracts are violated.

Farmers and landowners develop reputations ____ honesty, fairness, producing high yields, and consistently demonstrating that they are good at what they do.

In ____ close-knit farming communities, reputations are well known.

Over time landowners indirectly monitor farmers by observing the reported output, the general quality of the soil, ____ any unusual or extreme behavior.

Farmer ____ landowner reputations act as a bond.

In any growing season a farmer can reduce effort, overuse soil, ____ underreport the crop.

Similarly, a landowner can undermaintain fences, ditches, and ____ systems.

Accurate assessments of farmer and landowner behavior will be made over time, and those farmers and landowners who attempt to gain at each other’s expense will find that others may refuse to deal with them ____ the future.

Watch the ____ in your backyard.

If one bird startles and flies off, others will follow, not waiting around to assess ____ the threat is real.

They have been infected by emotional ____

In a long-term research project that Marc did with some of his students on patterns of antipredatory scanning by western evening grosbeaks, ____ found that birds in a circle showed more coordination in scanning than did birds who were feeding in a line.

The birds in a line, who could only see their nearest neighbor, not only were less coordinated when scanning, but also were more nervous, changing their body and head positions significantly more than ____ in a circle, where it was possible for each grosbeak to see every other grosbeak.

Marc wondered whether the birds in line were more fearful because they didn’t know what their flockmates were ____

Emotional contagion would have been impossible for ____ grosbeaks in the linear array except with their nearest neighbors.

Trade secret law aims to promote innovation, although it accomplishes this objective in a very different manner than ____ protection.

Notwithstanding the advantages of ____ a patent, many innovators prefer to protect their innovation through secrecy.

____ may believe that the cost and delay of seeking a patent are too great or that secrecy better protects their investment and increases their profit.

They might also believe that the invention can best be utilized over a longer period ____ time than a patent would allow.

Without any special ____ protection for trade secrets, however, the secretive inventor risks that an employee or contractor will disclose the proprietary information.

Once the ____ is released, it will be “free as the air” under the background norms of a free market economy.

Such a predicament would lead any inventor seeking to rely upon secrecy to spend an inordinate amount of ____ building high and impassable fences around their research facilities and greatly limiting the number of people with access to the proprietary information.

By ____ very nature, the concepts of maintenance and repair are predominantly examined from a process-oriented perspective.

The focus in related scholarly discourse often revolves around the ____ or lifecycle of objects and technologies.

In this context, maintenance and ____ are considered practices that have the potential to prolong the existence of objects, ensuring their sustained utilization over an extended period.

____ and Weber critically engage with anthropomorphic metaphors that imply a biography of things, appropriately highlighting that conventional understanding of the lifecycle of a technology, from its acquisition to its disposal from the household, provides an incomplete definition.

In reality, ____ do not conform to a linear lifecycle model; instead, they undergo breakdowns, await repairs, are stored away, or find themselves relegated to the basement, only to be rediscovered and repurposed later.

Additionally, objects may enter recycling ____ second-hand cycles, leading to a dynamic afterlife marked by diverse applications.

As such, the life of an object exhibits a far ____ complicated and adaptive path than a simplistic linear progression.

People often assume that synthetic food ingredients are more ____ than natural ones, but this is not always the case.

Typically, synthetic ingredients can be made in a precisely controlled ____ and have well-defined compositions and properties, allowing careful evaluation of their potential toxicity.

On the other hand, natural ingredients often vary appreciably in their composition and properties depending ____ their origin, the time of year they were harvested, the climate they experienced throughout their lifetime, the soil quality, and how they were isolated and stored.

These variations can make testing their safety extremely difficult ― one is ____ sure about the potential toxicity of minor components that may vary from time to time.

In some cases, a natural food component has been consumed ____ hundreds or thousands of years without causing any obvious health problems and can, therefore, be assumed to be safe.

However, ____ must still be very careful.

The ____ of the production process for synthetic food ingredients and the variability of natural food ingredients may challenge people’s commonly held assumption that the natural ingredients are more secure.

____ grabbing a piece of paper between your thumb and index finger.

Maybe you already ____ as you turn this page.

We use this ____ of forceful, pad-to-pad precision gripping without thinking about it, and literally in a snap.

Yet it was a breakthrough in ____ evolution.

Other primates exhibit some kinds of precision grips in the handling and use of objects, but not with the kind ____ efficient opposition that our hand anatomy allows.

In a single hand, humans can easily ____ and manipulate objects, even small and delicate ones, while adjusting our fingers to their shape and reorienting them with displacements of our fingertip pads.

Our relatively long, powerful thumb and other anatomical ____ including our flat nails (which nearly all primates possess), make this possible.

Just ____ trying ― and failing ― to dog-ear this page with pointy, curved claws.

With a unique ____ of traits, the human hand shaped our history.

No question, stone tools couldn’t have become a keystone of human technology and subsistence without hands that ____ do the job, along with a nervous system that could regulate and coordinate the necessary signals.

Anybody who’s ever ____ to make a spear tip or arrowhead from a rock knows that it requires strong grips, constant rotation and repositioning, and forceful, careful strikes with another hard object.

And even with a fair amount of know-how, it can ____ a bloody business.