2024년 9월 고2 모의고사 변형 (31-42번)

When we get an unfavorable outcome, in some ways the last thing we want to hear is that the process was ____

____ outraging as the combination of an unfavorable outcome and an unfair process is, this combination also brings with it a consolation prize: the possibility of attributing the bad outcome to something other than ourselves.

We may reassure ourselves by believing that our bad outcome had little to do with us and everything to do with the unfair ____

If the process is fair, however, we cannot nearly as easily externalize the outcome; we got what we got "fair ____ square."

When the process is fair we believe that our outcome is deserved, which is another way of saying that there must have been something about ourselves (what ____ did or who we are) that caused the outcome.

The well-known American ethnologist Alfred Louis Kroeber made a rich and in-depth study of ____ evening dress in the West, stretching back about three centuries and using reproductions of engravings.

Having adjusted the dimensions of these ____ due to their diverse origins, he was able to analyse the constant elements in fashion features and to come up with a study that was neither intuitive nor approximate, but precise, mathematical and statistical.

He reduced women's clothing to a certain number of features: length and size of the skirt, size and depth of the ____ height of the waistline.

He demonstrated unambiguously that fashion is a profoundly regular phenomenon which is not located at the level of annual variations but ____ the scale of history.

For practically 300 years, women's dress was subject to ____ very precise periodic cycle: forms reach the furthest point in their variations every fifty years.

If, at any ____ moment, skirts are at their longest, fifty years later they will be at their shortest; thus skirts become long again fifty years after being short and a hundred years after being long.

Over the last ____ centuries, humanity's collective prosperity has skyrocketed, as technological progress has made us far wealthier than ever before.

To share out those riches, almost all societies have settled upon the market mechanism, rewarding people in various ways for the ____ that they do and the things that they own.

But rising inequality, itself often driven by technology, has started ____ put that mechanism under strain.

Today, markets already provide immense rewards to ____ people but leave many others with very little.

And now, technological unemployment threatens to become a more ____ version of the same story, taking place in the particular market we rely upon the most: the labor market.

As that market begins to break down, more and more people will be in danger of ____ receiving a share of society's prosperity at all.

It's often said that those who can't do, ____

It would be more accurate ____ say that those who can do, can't teach the basics.

A great deal of expert knowledge is ____ not explicit.

The further you progress toward ____ the less conscious awareness you often have of the fundamentals.

Experiments show that skilled golfers and wine aficionados have a hard time ____ their putting and tasting techniques ― even asking them to explain their approaches is enough to interfere with their performance, so they often stay on autopilot.

When I first saw an elite diver do four and a half somersaults, I asked how he managed to spin so ____

His answer: "Just go up ____ a ball."

Experts often have an intuitive understanding of a route, but they struggle to clearly express all the steps to ____

Their brain dump ____ partially filled with garbage.

Minimal processing can be one of the best ways to keep original flavors and taste, without any need to ____ artificial flavoring or additives, or too much salt.

This would also be the efficient way to keep most nutrients, especially the most sensitive ones such as ____ vitamins and anti-oxidants.

Milling of cereals is one of the most harsh processes which dramatically ____ nutrient content.

While grains are naturally very rich in micronutrients, anti-oxidants and fiber (i.e. in wholemeal flour or flakes), milling usually removes the ____ majority of minerals, vitamins and fibers to raise white flour.

Such a spoilage of key nutrients and fiber is no longer acceptable in the context of a sustainable diet aiming at ____ optimal nutrient density and health protection.

In contrast, fermentation of various foodstuffs or germination of grains are ____ locally accessible, low-energy and highly nutritious processes of sounded interest.

It would seem obvious that the more competent ____ is, the more we will like that person.

By "competence," I mean a cluster of qualities: smartness, the ability to get things done, wise decisions, ____

We stand a better chance of doing well at our life tasks if we ____ ourselves with people who know what they're doing and have a lot to teach us.

But ____ research evidence is paradoxical: In problem-solving groups, the participants who are considered the most competent and have the best ideas tend not to be the ones who are best liked.

Why? One possibility is that, although we like to be around competent people, those ____ are too competent make us uncomfortable.

They may seem unapproachable, distant, superhuman ― and make us look bad (and feel worse) ____ comparison.

If this were true, we might like people ____ if they reveal some evidence of fallibility.

For example, if your friend is a brilliant mathematician, superb athlete, and gourmet cook, you might like ____ or her better if, every once in a while, they screwed up.

A computational algorithm that takes ____ data and generates some output from it doesn't really embody any notion of meaning.

Certainly, such a computation does not generally have ____ its purpose its own survival and wellbeing.

It does not, in general, assign value to the ____

Compare, for example, a computer algorithm with the waggle dance ____ the honeybee, by which means a foraging bee conveys to others in the hive information about the source of food (such as nectar) it has located.

The "dance" ― a series of stylized movements ____ the comb ― shows the bees how far away the food is and in which direction.

But this input ____ not simply program other bees to go out and look for it.

Rather, they evaluate this ____ comparing it with their own knowledge of the surroundings.

Some bees might not bother to make the journey, considering it ____ worthwhile.

The input, such as it is, is processed in the light of the organism's own internal states ____ history; there is nothing prescriptive about its effects.

There are deep similarities between ____ contagion and behavioral contagion.

For example, people in close or extended proximity to others infected by a virus are themselves more likely to become infected, just as people are more likely to drink excessively when they spend more ____ in the company of heavy drinkers.

But there are also important ____ between the two types of contagion.

One is that visibility promotes behavioral contagion but inhibits the spread ____ infectious diseases.

Solar panels ____ are visible from the street, for instance, are more likely to stimulate neighboring installations.

In contrast, we try ____ avoid others who are visibly ill.

Another important difference is that whereas viral contagion is almost always a bad thing, behavioral contagion is sometimes negative ― as in the case of smoking ― but sometimes positive, as in ____ case of solar installations.

Sleep is clearly about more than just ____

One curious fact is ____ animals that are hibernating also have periods of sleep.

It comes as a surprise to most of ____ but hibernation and sleep are not the same thing at all, at least not from a neurological and metabolic perspective.

Hibernating is more like being anesthetized: the subject ____ unconscious but not actually asleep.

So a ____ animal needs to get a few hours of conventional sleep each day within the larger unconsciousness.

____ further surprise to most of us is that bears, the most famous of wintry sleepers, don't actually hibernate.

Real hibernation ____ profound unconsciousness and a dramatic fall in body temperature ― often to around 32 degrees Fahrenheit.

By this definition, bears don't hibernate, because their body temperature stays near normal ____ they are easily awakened.

Their winter sleeps are more ____ called a state of torpor.

The concern about how we appear to others can be seen in children, though work by the psychologist Ervin ____ suggests that the effect may vary with age.

In a ____ where children heard another child in distress, young children (kindergarten through second grade) were more likely to help the child in distress when with another child than when alone.

But for older children ― in fourth and sixth ____ ― the effect reversed: they were less likely to help a child in distress when they were with a peer than when they were alone.

Staub suggested that younger children might feel more comfortable acting when they have the ____ of a peer, whereas older children might feel more concern about being judged by their peers and fear feeling embarrassed by overreacting.

Staub noted that "older children seemed ____ discuss the distress sounds less and to react to them less openly than younger children."

In other words, the older children were deliberately putting on a ____ face in front of their peers.

The study suggests that, contrary to younger children, older children are less likely to help ____ in distress in the presence of others because they care more about how they are evaluated.

What makes questioning ____ so hard?

The difficulties start in childhood, when parents - the first and most powerful authority figures ____ show children "the way things are."

This is a necessary element of learning language and socialization, and certainly most things learned in early childhood are noncontroversial: the ____ alphabet starts with A and ends with Z, the numbers 1 through 10 come before the numbers 11 through 20, and so on.

Children, however, will spontaneously question things that are quite obvious ____ adults and even to older kids.

The ____ "why?" becomes a challenge, as in, "Why is the sky blue?"

Answers such as "because it just is" or "because I say so" tell children that they must unquestioningly accept what authorities say "just because," and children who persist in their questioning ____ likely to find themselves dismissed or yelled at for "bothering" adults with "meaningless" or "unimportant" questions.

But these questions are in ____ perfectly reasonable.

Why is ____ sky blue? Many adults do not themselves know the answer.

And who says the sky's color needs to be called ____ anyway?

How ____ we know that what one person calls "blue" is the same color that another calls "blue"?

The scientific answers come from physics, but those are not ____ answers that children are seeking.

They are trying to understand the world, and no matter how irritating the repeated questions ____ become to stressed and time-pressed parents, it is important to take them seriously to encourage kids to question authority to think for themselves.