2024년 9월 고2 모의고사 변형 (31-42번)

When we get an unfavorable ____, in some ways the last thing we want to hear is that the process was fair.

As outraging as the combination of an unfavorable outcome and an unfair process is, this combination also brings with it a consolation prize: the ____ of attributing the bad outcome to something other than ourselves.

We may reassure ourselves by believing that our bad outcome had little to do with us and ____ to do with the unfair process.

If the process is ____, however, we cannot nearly as easily externalize the outcome; we got what we got "fair and square."

When the process is fair we believe that our outcome is deserved, which is another way of ____ that there must have been something about ourselves (what we did or who we are) that caused the outcome.

The well-known American ethnologist Alfred Louis Kroeber made a rich and in-depth study of women's evening dress in the ____, stretching back about three centuries and using reproductions of engravings.

Having adjusted the dimensions of these plates due to their diverse origins, he was able to analyse the constant elements in fashion features and to come up with a study that was neither intuitive nor approximate, but precise, mathematical and ____.

He reduced women's clothing to a certain ____ of features: length and size of the skirt, size and depth of the neckline, height of the waistline.

He demonstrated unambiguously that fashion is a profoundly regular phenomenon which is ____ located at the level of annual variations but on the scale of history.

For practically 300 years, women's dress was subject to a very precise periodic cycle: forms reach the furthest point in their ____ every fifty years.

If, at any one moment, skirts are at their longest, fifty years later they will be at their shortest; thus ____ become long again fifty years after being short and a hundred years after being long.

____ the last few centuries, humanity's collective prosperity has skyrocketed, as technological progress has made us far wealthier than ever before.

To share out those ____, almost all societies have settled upon the market mechanism, rewarding people in various ways for the work that they do and the things that they own.

But rising inequality, itself often driven by ____, has started to put that mechanism under strain.

Today, markets already provide ____ rewards to some people but leave many others with very little.

And now, technological unemployment threatens to become a ____ radical version of the same story, taking place in the particular market we rely upon the most: the labor market.

As that market begins to break down, more and ____ people will be in danger of not receiving a share of society's prosperity at all.

____ often said that those who can't do, teach.

It would be ____ accurate to say that those who can do, can't teach the basics.

A ____ deal of expert knowledge is implicit, not explicit.

The further you progress ____ mastery, the less conscious awareness you often have of the fundamentals.

Experiments show that skilled golfers and wine aficionados have a hard time describing their putting and tasting techniques ― even asking them to explain their approaches is enough to interfere with their performance, so they ____ stay on autopilot.

When I ____ saw an elite diver do four and a half somersaults, I asked how he managed to spin so fast.

His answer: "____ go up in a ball."

Experts often have an intuitive understanding of a route, but they struggle to clearly express ____ the steps to take.

Their brain ____ is partially filled with garbage.

____ processing can be one of the best ways to keep original flavors and taste, without any need to add artificial flavoring or additives, or too much salt.

This would also be the efficient way to ____ most nutrients, especially the most sensitive ones such as many vitamins and anti-oxidants.

Milling of cereals is one of the most ____ processes which dramatically affect nutrient content.

While grains are naturally very ____ in micronutrients, anti-oxidants and fiber (i.e. in wholemeal flour or flakes), milling usually removes the vast majority of minerals, vitamins and fibers to raise white flour.

Such a ____ of key nutrients and fiber is no longer acceptable in the context of a sustainable diet aiming at an optimal nutrient density and health protection.

In contrast, fermentation of various foodstuffs or germination of grains are traditional, locally accessible, low-energy and highly nutritious processes of ____ interest.

It would seem obvious that the more competent someone is, the more we ____ like that person.

By "____," I mean a cluster of qualities: smartness, the ability to get things done, wise decisions, etc.

We stand a better chance of doing well at our life tasks if we surround ourselves with people who know what they're doing and have a lot to ____ us.

But the research ____ is paradoxical: In problem-solving groups, the participants who are considered the most competent and have the best ideas tend not to be the ones who are best liked.

Why? One possibility is that, although we like to be around competent people, those ____ are too competent make us uncomfortable.

They may ____ unapproachable, distant, superhuman ― and make us look bad (and feel worse) by comparison.

If this were ____, we might like people more if they reveal some evidence of fallibility.

For example, if your ____ is a brilliant mathematician, superb athlete, and gourmet cook, you might like him or her better if, every once in a while, they screwed up.

A computational algorithm that takes input data and generates some output from it doesn't really ____ any notion of meaning.

Certainly, such a computation does not generally ____ as its purpose its own survival and wellbeing.

It does not, in general, assign value to the ____.

Compare, for example, a computer algorithm with the waggle dance of the honeybee, by which means a foraging bee conveys to others in the hive information about the source of food (such as nectar) it has ____.

The "dance" ― a series of stylized movements on the comb ― shows the bees how far away the food is and in which ____.

But this input does not ____ program other bees to go out and look for it.

Rather, they evaluate this information, comparing it with their own knowledge of the ____.

Some bees might not bother to make the journey, considering it ____ worthwhile.

The input, such as it is, is processed in the light of the organism's own internal states and ____; there is nothing prescriptive about its effects.

There are deep similarities between ____ contagion and behavioral contagion.

For example, people in close or extended proximity to others infected by a virus are themselves more likely to become infected, just as people are more likely to drink ____ when they spend more time in the company of heavy drinkers.

But there are also important differences between the ____ types of contagion.

One is that visibility ____ behavioral contagion but inhibits the spread of infectious diseases.

Solar ____ that are visible from the street, for instance, are more likely to stimulate neighboring installations.

In ____, we try to avoid others who are visibly ill.

Another important difference is that whereas viral contagion is almost always a ____ thing, behavioral contagion is sometimes negative ― as in the case of smoking ― but sometimes positive, as in the case of solar installations.

Sleep is clearly ____ more than just resting.

One curious fact is that animals that are hibernating also have periods of ____.

It comes as a surprise to most of us, but hibernation and ____ are not the same thing at all, at least not from a neurological and metabolic perspective.

Hibernating is more like ____ anesthetized: the subject is unconscious but not actually asleep.

So a hibernating animal needs to get a few hours of conventional sleep each day within the larger ____.

A further surprise to most of us is that bears, the most famous of wintry sleepers, don't ____ hibernate.

Real hibernation involves profound unconsciousness and a ____ fall in body temperature ― often to around 32 degrees Fahrenheit.

By this definition, bears don't hibernate, because their ____ temperature stays near normal and they are easily awakened.

Their winter sleeps are ____ accurately called a state of torpor.

The concern about how we appear to others can be seen in children, though work by the psychologist ____ Staub suggests that the effect may vary with age.

In a study where children heard another child in distress, young children (kindergarten ____ second grade) were more likely to help the child in distress when with another child than when alone.

But for older children ― in fourth and sixth ____ ― the effect reversed: they were less likely to help a child in distress when they were with a peer than when they were alone.

Staub suggested that younger children might feel more comfortable acting when they have the company of a peer, whereas older children might feel more concern about ____ judged by their peers and fear feeling embarrassed by overreacting.

Staub noted that "older children seemed to discuss the distress sounds less and to react to them less openly than younger ____."

In other words, the older children were deliberately ____ on a poker face in front of their peers.

The study suggests that, contrary to younger ____, older children are less likely to help those in distress in the presence of others because they care more about how they are evaluated.

What makes questioning authority so ____?

The difficulties start in childhood, when parents - the first and most powerful authority figures - ____ children "the way things are."

This is a necessary ____ of learning language and socialization, and certainly most things learned in early childhood are noncontroversial: the English alphabet starts with A and ends with Z, the numbers 1 through 10 come before the numbers 11 through 20, and so on.

Children, however, will spontaneously question things that are ____ obvious to adults and even to older kids.

The word "why?" becomes a ____, as in, "Why is the sky blue?"

Answers such as "because it just is" or "because I say so" tell children that they must unquestioningly accept what authorities say "just because," and children ____ persist in their questioning are likely to find themselves dismissed or yelled at for "bothering" adults with "meaningless" or "unimportant" questions.

But these questions are in fact perfectly ____.

Why is the sky blue? Many adults do not themselves ____ the answer.

And who says the sky's color needs to be called "____," anyway?

How do we know that what one person calls "____" is the same color that another calls "blue"?

The scientific answers come from physics, but those are ____ the answers that children are seeking.

They are trying to understand the world, and no matter how irritating the repeated ____ may become to stressed and time-pressed parents, it is important to take them seriously to encourage kids to question authority to think for themselves.