2023년 6월 고3 모의고사 변형 (31-42번)

People have always needed to eat, and they ____ will.

Rising emphasis on self-expression ____ does not put an end to material desires.

But ____ economic orientations are gradually being reshaped.

People who work in the knowledge sector continue to seek high salaries, but they place ____ or greater emphasis on doing stimulating work and being able to follow their own time schedules.

Consumption is ____ progressively less determined by the need for sustenance and the practical use of the goods consumed.

People still eat, but a growing ____ of food’s value is determined by its nonmaterial aspects.

People pay a premium ____ eat exotic cuisines that provide an interesting experience or that symbolize a distinctive life-style.

The publics of postindustrial societies place growing emphasis on “political consumerism,” such as boycotting ____ whose production violates ecological or ethical standards.

Consumption is less ____ less a matter of sustenance and more and more a question of life-style ― and choice.

In labor-sharing groups, people contribute labor to other people on a regular basis (for seasonal agricultural work such as harvesting) or on an irregular basis (in the event of a crisis such as the need to rebuild a ____ damaged by fire).

Labor sharing groups are part of what has been called a “moral economy” since no ____ keeps formal records on how much any family puts in or takes out.

Instead, accounting is socially ____

The group has a sense of moral community based on years of trust ____ sharing.

In a certain community of North America, labor sharing is a major economic factor ____ social cohesion.

When a family needs a new barn or faces repair work ____ requires group labor, a barn-raising party is called.

Many families show up to help. Adult men provide manual labor, and adult women ____ food for the event.

Later, when another family needs help, they call on the same ____

____ their differences, scientists and artists begin with the same question: can you and I see the same thing the same way? If so, how?

The scientific thinker looks for ____ of the thing that can be stripped of subjectivity ― ideally, those aspects that can be quantified and whose values will thus never change from one observer to the next.

In this way, he arrives at a reality ____ of all observers.

The artist, on the other hand, relies on the strength of her artistry to effect a marriage between her own subjectivity and that of her ____

To a scientific thinker, this must sound like magical thinking: you’re saying you will imagine something so hard it’ll pop into someone else’s ____ exactly the way you envision it?

The artist has sought the opposite of the ____ observer-independent reality.

She creates a reality dependent upon observers, indeed a reality in which human beings must participate in order for it ____ exist at all.

One of the common themes of the Western philosophical ____ is the distinction between sensual perceptions and rational knowledge.

Since Plato, the supremacy of rational reason is based on the assertion that ____ is able to extract true knowledge from experience.

As ____ discussion in the Republic helps to explain, perceptions are inherently unreliable and misleading because the senses are subject to errors and illusions.

Only the rational discourse has the tools ____ overcome illusions and to point towards true knowledge.

For instance, perception suggests that a figure in the distance is smaller than ____ really is.

____ the application of logical reasoning will reveal that the figure only appears small because it obeys the laws of geometrical perspective.

Nevertheless, even after the perspectival correction is applied and reason concludes that perception is misleading, the figure still appears small, and the truth of the matter is revealed not in the perception of ____ figure but in its rational representation.

____ experts do not suffer as much as beginners when performing complex tasks or combining multiple tasks.

Because experts have extensive practice within a limited domain, the key component skills in their domain tend to be highly ____ and more automated.

____ of these highly practiced skills then demands relatively few cognitive resources, effectively lowering the total cognitive load that experts experience.

Thus, experts can perform complex tasks and combine ____ tasks relatively easily.

____ is not because they necessarily have more cognitive resources than beginners; rather, because of the high level of fluency they have achieved in performing key skills, they can do more with what they have.

Beginners, on the other ____ have not achieved the same degree of fluency and automaticity in each of the component skills, and thus they struggle to combine skills that experts combine with relative ease and efficiency.

The growing complexity of computer software has direct implications for our global safety and security, particularly as the physical objects upon ____ we depend ― things like cars, airplanes, bridges, tunnels, and implantable medical devices ― transform themselves into computer code.

Physical ____ are increasingly becoming information technologies.

Cars are ____ we ride in,” and airplanes are nothing more than “flying Solaris boxes attached to bucketfuls of industrial control systems.”

As all this code grows in size and complexity, so too do the number of ____ and software bugs.

According to a study by Carnegie Mellon University, commercial software typically ____ twenty to thirty bugs for every thousand lines of code ― 50 million lines of code means 1 million to 1.5 million potential errors to be exploited.

This is the basis for all malware attacks that take advantage of these computer ____ to get the code to do something it was not originally intended to do.

As computer code grows more elaborate, software bugs flourish and security ____ with increasing consequences for society at large.

Darwin saw blushing as uniquely human, representing an involuntary physical reaction caused by embarrassment and self-consciousness in a ____ environment.

If we feel awkward, embarrassed or ____ when we are alone, we don’t blush; it seems to be caused by our concern about what others are thinking of us.

Studies have confirmed that ____ being told you are blushing brings it on.

We feel as though others can see through our skin ____ into our mind.

However, while we sometimes want to disappear ____ we involuntarily go bright red, psychologists argue that blushing actually serves a positive social purpose.

When we blush, it’s a signal to others that we recognize that a social norm has been broken; it ____ an apology for a faux pas.

Maybe our brief loss of ____ benefits the long-term cohesion of the group.

Interestingly, if someone blushes after making a social mistake, they are viewed in a ____ favourable light than those who don’t blush.

As particular practices are repeated over time and become more widely shared, the values that they embody are reinforced and reproduced and we speak of them ____ becoming ‘institutionalized’.

In some cases, this institutionalization has ____ formal face to it, with rules and protocols written down, and specialized roles created to ensure that procedures are followed correctly.

The main institutions of state ― parliament, courts, police and so on ― along with certain of the professions, exhibit this ____ character.

____ social institutions, perhaps the majority, are not like this; science is an example.

Although scientists are trained in the ____ content of their discipline, they are not formally instructed in ‘how to be a good scientist’.

Instead, much like the young child learning how to play ‘nicely’, the apprentice scientist ____ his or her understanding of the moral values inherent in the role by absorption from their colleagues ― socialization.

We think that these values, along with the values that inform many of the professions, are under ____ just as the value of the professions themselves is under threat.

When trees grow together, nutrients and water can be optimally divided among them all so that each tree can grow ____ the best tree it can be.

If you ____ individual trees by getting rid of their supposed competition, the remaining trees are bereft.

They send messages out to ____ neighbors unsuccessfully, because nothing remains but stumps.

Every tree now ____ on its own, giving rise to great differences in productivity.

Some ____ photosynthesize like mad until sugar positively bubbles along their trunk.

As a result, they are fit and grow ____ but they aren’t particularly long-lived.

This is because a tree ____ be only as strong as the forest that surrounds it.

And there are now ____ lot of losers in the forest.

Weaker members, ____ would once have been supported by the stronger ones, suddenly fall behind.

Whether the reason for their decline is their location and lack of nutrients, a passing sickness, ____ genetic makeup, they now fall prey to insects and fungi.

The evolutionary process works on the genetic variation that ____ available.

____ follows that natural selection is unlikely to lead to the evolution of perfect, ‘maximally fit’ individuals.

Rather, organisms come to match their environments by being ‘the fittest available’ or ‘the fittest ____ they are not ‘the best imaginable’.

Part of the lack of fit arises because the present properties of an organism have not all originated in an environment similar in every respect to the one ____ which it now lives.

Over the course of its evolutionary history, an organism’s remote ancestors may have evolved a set of characteristics ― evolutionary ‘baggage’ ― that subsequently ____ future evolution.

For many millions of years, the ____ of vertebrates has been limited to what can be achieved by organisms with a vertebral column.

Moreover, much of what we now see as precise matches between an organism and its environment may equally be seen as constraints: koala bears live successfully on Eucalyptus foliage, but, from another perspective, koala bears cannot live without ____ foliage.

Many negotiators assume that all ____ involve a fixed pie.

Negotiators often approach integrative negotiation opportunities as zero-sum situations ____ win-lose exchanges.

Those who believe in the mythical fixed pie assume that parties’ interests stand in opposition, with no ____ for integrative settlements and mutually beneficial trade-offs, so they suppress efforts to search for them.

In a hiring negotiation, a job applicant who assumes ____ salary is the only issue may insist on $75,000 when the employer is offering $70,000.

Only when the two parties discuss the possibilities further ____ they discover that moving expenses and starting date can also be negotiated, which may facilitate resolution of the salary issue.

The tendency to see negotiation in fixed-pie terms varies ____ on how people view the nature of a given conflict situation.

This was shown in a clever ____ by Harinck, de Dreu, and Van Vianen involving a simulated negotiation between prosecutors and defense lawyers over jail sentences.

Some participants were told to view their goals in terms of personal gain (e.g., arranging ____ particular jail sentence will help your career), others were told to view their goals in terms of effectiveness (a particular sentence is most likely to prevent recidivism), and still others were told to focus on values (a particular jail sentence is fair and just).

Negotiators focusing on personal gain were most likely to come under the influence of ____ beliefs and approach the situation competitively.

Negotiators focusing on values ____ least likely to see the problem in fixed-pie terms and more inclined to approach the situation cooperatively.

Stressful conditions such as time ____ contribute to this common misperception, which in turn may lead to less integrative agreements.