2023년 6월 고3 모의고사 변형 (31-42번)

People have always ____ to eat, and they always will.

Rising emphasis on self-expression values does not put an end to ____ desires.

____ prevailing economic orientations are gradually being reshaped.

People who work in the knowledge sector continue to seek high salaries, but they ____ equal or greater emphasis on doing stimulating work and being able to follow their own time schedules.

Consumption is becoming progressively less determined by the need for sustenance and the practical use ____ the goods consumed.

People still eat, but a growing component of ____ value is determined by its nonmaterial aspects.

____ pay a premium to eat exotic cuisines that provide an interesting experience or that symbolize a distinctive life-style.

The publics of postindustrial societies place growing emphasis on “political ____ such as boycotting goods whose production violates ecological or ethical standards.

Consumption is less and less a matter of sustenance and more and more a question of life-style ____ and choice.

In labor-sharing groups, people contribute labor to other people on a regular basis (for seasonal agricultural work such as harvesting) or on an irregular basis (in the event of ____ crisis such as the need to rebuild a barn damaged by fire).

Labor sharing groups are part of what has ____ called a “moral economy” since no one keeps formal records on how much any family puts in or takes out.

Instead, accounting is socially ____

The group has a sense of moral community based on years of trust and ____

In a certain community ____ North America, labor sharing is a major economic factor of social cohesion.

When a family needs a new barn or faces repair work that requires group labor, a ____ party is called.

Many families show up to help. Adult men provide manual ____ and adult women provide food for the event.

Later, when another family ____ help, they call on the same people.

Whatever their differences, scientists and artists begin with the same question: can ____ and I see the same thing the same way? If so, how?

The scientific thinker looks ____ features of the thing that can be stripped of subjectivity ― ideally, those aspects that can be quantified and whose values will thus never change from one observer to the next.

In this way, he ____ at a reality independent of all observers.

The artist, on the other hand, relies on the strength of her artistry to effect a marriage between her own subjectivity and that ____ her readers.

To a scientific thinker, this must sound like magical thinking: you’re saying you will imagine something ____ hard it’ll pop into someone else’s head exactly the way you envision it?

The artist has sought the opposite of the scientist’s observer-independent ____

She creates a reality dependent upon observers, indeed a reality in which human beings must participate ____ order for it to exist at all.

One ____ the common themes of the Western philosophical tradition is the distinction between sensual perceptions and rational knowledge.

Since Plato, the supremacy of rational reason ____ based on the assertion that it is able to extract true knowledge from experience.

As the discussion in the Republic helps to explain, perceptions are inherently unreliable and misleading because the ____ are subject to errors and illusions.

Only ____ rational discourse has the tools to overcome illusions and to point towards true knowledge.

For instance, perception suggests that a figure in ____ distance is smaller than it really is.

Yet, the application of logical reasoning will reveal that the figure only appears small because it obeys ____ laws of geometrical perspective.

Nevertheless, even after the perspectival correction is applied ____ reason concludes that perception is misleading, the figure still appears small, and the truth of the matter is revealed not in the perception of the figure but in its rational representation.

Interestingly, experts do not suffer as ____ as beginners when performing complex tasks or combining multiple tasks.

Because experts have extensive practice within a limited domain, the key ____ skills in their domain tend to be highly practiced and more automated.

____ of these highly practiced skills then demands relatively few cognitive resources, effectively lowering the total cognitive load that experts experience.

Thus, experts can perform complex tasks and combine multiple tasks relatively ____

This is not because they necessarily have more cognitive resources than beginners; rather, because of the high level of fluency they have achieved in performing key skills, they can do more with ____ they have.

Beginners, on the other hand, have not achieved the same degree of fluency and automaticity in each of the component skills, ____ thus they struggle to combine skills that experts combine with relative ease and efficiency.

The growing complexity of computer software has direct implications for our ____ safety and security, particularly as the physical objects upon which we depend ― things like cars, airplanes, bridges, tunnels, and implantable medical devices ― transform themselves into computer code.

Physical things ____ increasingly becoming information technologies.

Cars are “computers we ride in,” and airplanes are nothing more than “flying Solaris boxes attached to bucketfuls of industrial ____ systems.”

As all this code ____ in size and complexity, so too do the number of errors and software bugs.

According to a study by Carnegie Mellon University, commercial software typically has twenty to thirty bugs for every thousand ____ of code ― 50 million lines of code means 1 million to 1.5 million potential errors to be exploited.

This is the basis ____ all malware attacks that take advantage of these computer bugs to get the code to do something it was not originally intended to do.

As computer code grows more elaborate, software ____ flourish and security suffers, with increasing consequences for society at large.

Darwin saw blushing as uniquely human, representing an involuntary physical ____ caused by embarrassment and self-consciousness in a social environment.

If we feel awkward, embarrassed or ashamed when we are alone, we don’t blush; it seems to ____ caused by our concern about what others are thinking of us.

Studies have confirmed that simply ____ told you are blushing brings it on.

We feel as ____ others can see through our skin and into our mind.

However, while we sometimes want to disappear when we involuntarily go bright red, psychologists argue that blushing actually serves a positive social ____

When we blush, ____ a signal to others that we recognize that a social norm has been broken; it is an apology for a faux pas.

Maybe our brief loss of ____ benefits the long-term cohesion of the group.

Interestingly, if someone blushes after making a social mistake, they ____ viewed in a more favourable light than those who don’t blush.

As particular practices are repeated over time and become more widely ____ the values that they embody are reinforced and reproduced and we speak of them as becoming ‘institutionalized’.

In some cases, this institutionalization has a formal face to it, with rules and protocols written down, and specialized roles ____ to ensure that procedures are followed correctly.

The main institutions of state ― parliament, courts, police and so on ― along with ____ of the professions, exhibit this formal character.

Other social institutions, perhaps the majority, are not like this; science is ____ example.

Although scientists are trained in the substantive content of their discipline, they ____ not formally instructed in ‘how to be a good scientist’.

Instead, much ____ the young child learning how to play ‘nicely’, the apprentice scientist gains his or her understanding of the moral values inherent in the role by absorption from their colleagues ― socialization.

We think ____ these values, along with the values that inform many of the professions, are under threat, just as the value of the professions themselves is under threat.

When trees grow together, nutrients and water can be optimally divided ____ them all so that each tree can grow into the best tree it can be.

If you “help” individual trees by getting rid of their ____ competition, the remaining trees are bereft.

They send messages out to their neighbors unsuccessfully, because nothing remains but ____

Every tree now grows on its own, giving rise to great ____ in productivity.

Some individuals photosynthesize like mad until sugar positively bubbles along ____ trunk.

As a result, they are fit and grow better, but ____ aren’t particularly long-lived.

This ____ because a tree can be only as strong as the forest that surrounds it.

And there are now a ____ of losers in the forest.

Weaker members, ____ would once have been supported by the stronger ones, suddenly fall behind.

Whether ____ reason for their decline is their location and lack of nutrients, a passing sickness, or genetic makeup, they now fall prey to insects and fungi.

The evolutionary process works on the genetic variation that is ____

It ____ that natural selection is unlikely to lead to the evolution of perfect, ‘maximally fit’ individuals.

Rather, organisms come to match their environments by being ‘the fittest available’ or ‘the fittest yet’: they ____ not ‘the best imaginable’.

Part of ____ lack of fit arises because the present properties of an organism have not all originated in an environment similar in every respect to the one in which it now lives.

Over the course of its evolutionary history, an organism’s remote ancestors may have evolved ____ set of characteristics ― evolutionary ‘baggage’ ― that subsequently constrain future evolution.

For many millions of years, the evolution of vertebrates has ____ limited to what can be achieved by organisms with a vertebral column.

Moreover, much of ____ we now see as precise matches between an organism and its environment may equally be seen as constraints: koala bears live successfully on Eucalyptus foliage, but, from another perspective, koala bears cannot live without Eucalyptus foliage.

Many negotiators assume that all negotiations involve a fixed ____

Negotiators often approach integrative negotiation opportunities ____ zero-sum situations or win-lose exchanges.

Those who believe in the mythical fixed pie assume that parties’ interests stand in opposition, with no possibility for integrative settlements and mutually beneficial trade-offs, so they ____ efforts to search for them.

In a hiring negotiation, a job applicant who assumes that salary is the only ____ may insist on $75,000 when the employer is offering $70,000.

Only when the two parties discuss the possibilities further do ____ discover that moving expenses and starting date can also be negotiated, which may facilitate resolution of the salary issue.

The tendency to see negotiation in fixed-pie terms varies depending on how people view ____ nature of a given conflict situation.

This was shown in a ____ experiment by Harinck, de Dreu, and Van Vianen involving a simulated negotiation between prosecutors and defense lawyers over jail sentences.

Some participants were told to view their goals in terms of personal gain (e.g., arranging a particular jail sentence will help your career), others were told to view their goals in terms of effectiveness (a particular sentence ____ most likely to prevent recidivism), and still others were told to focus on values (a particular jail sentence is fair and just).

Negotiators focusing on personal gain were most likely to come under the influence of ____ beliefs and approach the situation competitively.

Negotiators focusing on values ____ least likely to see the problem in fixed-pie terms and more inclined to approach the situation cooperatively.

Stressful conditions such as time constraints contribute to this common misperception, which in turn may ____ to less integrative agreements.