2023년 6월 고3 모의고사 변형 (31-42번)

People have ____ needed to eat, and they always will.

Rising emphasis on self-expression values does ____ put an end to material desires.

But prevailing economic orientations are gradually being ____.

People who work in the knowledge sector continue to seek high salaries, but they place equal or greater emphasis on doing ____ work and being able to follow their own time schedules.

Consumption is ____ progressively less determined by the need for sustenance and the practical use of the goods consumed.

People still eat, but a growing component of food’s value is determined by its ____ aspects.

People pay a premium to eat exotic ____ that provide an interesting experience or that symbolize a distinctive life-style.

The publics of postindustrial societies place growing emphasis on “political ____,” such as boycotting goods whose production violates ecological or ethical standards.

Consumption is less and less a matter of sustenance and more and more a question of ____ ― and choice.

In labor-sharing ____, people contribute labor to other people on a regular basis (for seasonal agricultural work such as harvesting) or on an irregular basis (in the event of a crisis such as the need to rebuild a barn damaged by fire).

____ sharing groups are part of what has been called a “moral economy” since no one keeps formal records on how much any family puts in or takes out.

Instead, accounting is ____ regulated.

The group has a sense of moral ____ based on years of trust and sharing.

In a certain community of North ____, labor sharing is a major economic factor of social cohesion.

When a family needs a new ____ or faces repair work that requires group labor, a barn-raising party is called.

Many families show up to help. Adult men provide manual ____, and adult women provide food for the event.

Later, when ____ family needs help, they call on the same people.

Whatever their differences, scientists and artists begin with the same question: can you and I see the same thing the same ____? If so, how?

The scientific thinker looks for features of the thing that can be stripped of subjectivity ― ideally, those aspects that ____ be quantified and whose values will thus never change from one observer to the next.

In this way, he arrives at a reality independent of all ____.

The artist, on the other ____, relies on the strength of her artistry to effect a marriage between her own subjectivity and that of her readers.

To a scientific thinker, this must sound like magical thinking: you’re saying you will imagine something so hard it’ll pop into someone ____ head exactly the way you envision it?

The artist has sought the ____ of the scientist’s observer-independent reality.

She creates a reality dependent upon observers, ____ a reality in which human beings must participate in order for it to exist at all.

One of the common themes of the Western philosophical tradition is the distinction between sensual perceptions and rational ____.

Since Plato, the supremacy of rational reason is ____ on the assertion that it is able to extract true knowledge from experience.

As the discussion in the Republic helps to explain, perceptions are inherently unreliable and ____ because the senses are subject to errors and illusions.

____ the rational discourse has the tools to overcome illusions and to point towards true knowledge.

For instance, perception suggests that a figure in the distance is smaller than it ____ is.

Yet, the application of logical ____ will reveal that the figure only appears small because it obeys the laws of geometrical perspective.

Nevertheless, even after the perspectival correction is applied and reason concludes that perception is misleading, the figure still appears small, and the truth of the matter is revealed not in the perception of the ____ but in its rational representation.

Interestingly, experts do not ____ as much as beginners when performing complex tasks or combining multiple tasks.

Because experts have extensive practice within a limited domain, the key component skills in their domain tend to be highly practiced and ____ automated.

Each of these highly practiced skills then demands relatively few cognitive resources, ____ lowering the total cognitive load that experts experience.

Thus, experts can perform complex ____ and combine multiple tasks relatively easily.

This is not because they necessarily have more cognitive resources than beginners; rather, because of the high ____ of fluency they have achieved in performing key skills, they can do more with what they have.

Beginners, on the other hand, have not achieved the same degree of fluency and automaticity in each of the component skills, and thus they struggle to combine skills that experts combine with relative ____ and efficiency.

The growing complexity of computer software has direct implications for our global safety and security, particularly as the physical objects upon which we depend ― things ____ cars, airplanes, bridges, tunnels, and implantable medical devices ― transform themselves into computer code.

Physical things are increasingly ____ information technologies.

Cars are “computers we ride in,” and airplanes are nothing ____ than “flying Solaris boxes attached to bucketfuls of industrial control systems.”

As all this code grows in size and complexity, so ____ do the number of errors and software bugs.

According to a study by Carnegie Mellon ____, commercial software typically has twenty to thirty bugs for every thousand lines of code ― 50 million lines of code means 1 million to 1.5 million potential errors to be exploited.

This is the basis for all malware attacks that take advantage of these computer bugs to get the code to do something it was ____ originally intended to do.

As computer code grows more elaborate, software bugs ____ and security suffers, with increasing consequences for society at large.

Darwin saw blushing as uniquely human, representing an involuntary physical reaction caused by embarrassment and self-consciousness in a ____ environment.

If we feel awkward, embarrassed or ashamed when we are alone, we ____ blush; it seems to be caused by our concern about what others are thinking of us.

Studies have ____ that simply being told you are blushing brings it on.

We feel as though others can ____ through our skin and into our mind.

However, ____ we sometimes want to disappear when we involuntarily go bright red, psychologists argue that blushing actually serves a positive social purpose.

When we blush, it’s a signal to others that we recognize that a social norm has been broken; it is an apology for a faux ____.

____ our brief loss of face benefits the long-term cohesion of the group.

Interestingly, if ____ blushes after making a social mistake, they are viewed in a more favourable light than those who don’t blush.

As particular practices are repeated over time and become more widely shared, the values that they ____ are reinforced and reproduced and we speak of them as becoming ‘institutionalized’.

In some cases, this institutionalization has a formal face to it, with ____ and protocols written down, and specialized roles created to ensure that procedures are followed correctly.

The main ____ of state ― parliament, courts, police and so on ― along with certain of the professions, exhibit this formal character.

Other social institutions, perhaps the ____, are not like this; science is an example.

Although scientists are trained in the substantive content of their discipline, they are not ____ instructed in ‘how to be a good scientist’.

Instead, much like the young child learning how to play ‘nicely’, the apprentice scientist gains his or her understanding of the ____ values inherent in the role by absorption from their colleagues ― socialization.

We think that these values, along with the values that inform many of the professions, are under ____, just as the value of the professions themselves is under threat.

When trees grow together, nutrients and water can be optimally ____ among them all so that each tree can grow into the best tree it can be.

If you “help” individual ____ by getting rid of their supposed competition, the remaining trees are bereft.

They send messages ____ to their neighbors unsuccessfully, because nothing remains but stumps.

Every tree now grows on its own, giving rise to ____ differences in productivity.

Some individuals photosynthesize like mad until sugar positively ____ along their trunk.

As a result, they are fit and grow better, but they aren’t ____ long-lived.

This is ____ a tree can be only as strong as the forest that surrounds it.

And there are now a lot of ____ in the forest.

Weaker members, ____ would once have been supported by the stronger ones, suddenly fall behind.

Whether the reason for their decline is their location and lack of nutrients, a passing sickness, or genetic makeup, they now fall ____ to insects and fungi.

The evolutionary process works on the genetic variation that is ____.

It follows that natural selection is unlikely to lead to the ____ of perfect, ‘maximally fit’ individuals.

Rather, organisms come to match their environments by being ‘the fittest available’ or ‘the fittest yet’: they are ____ ‘the best imaginable’.

Part of the lack of fit arises because the present properties of an ____ have not all originated in an environment similar in every respect to the one in which it now lives.

Over the course of its evolutionary ____, an organism’s remote ancestors may have evolved a set of characteristics ― evolutionary ‘baggage’ ― that subsequently constrain future evolution.

For many millions of years, the evolution of vertebrates has been ____ to what can be achieved by organisms with a vertebral column.

Moreover, much of what we now see as precise matches between an organism and its environment may equally be seen as constraints: koala bears live successfully on Eucalyptus foliage, but, from another perspective, koala bears cannot ____ without Eucalyptus foliage.

____ negotiators assume that all negotiations involve a fixed pie.

Negotiators often approach integrative negotiation opportunities as ____ situations or win-lose exchanges.

Those who believe in the mythical fixed pie assume that ____’ interests stand in opposition, with no possibility for integrative settlements and mutually beneficial trade-offs, so they suppress efforts to search for them.

In a hiring negotiation, a job applicant who assumes that salary is the only ____ may insist on $75,000 when the employer is offering $70,000.

Only when the two parties discuss the possibilities further do they discover that moving expenses and starting date can also be negotiated, which may facilitate resolution of the salary ____.

The tendency to see negotiation in fixed-pie terms varies ____ on how people view the nature of a given conflict situation.

This was ____ in a clever experiment by Harinck, de Dreu, and Van Vianen involving a simulated negotiation between prosecutors and defense lawyers over jail sentences.

Some participants were told to view their goals in terms of personal gain (e.g., ____ a particular jail sentence will help your career), others were told to view their goals in terms of effectiveness (a particular sentence is most likely to prevent recidivism), and still others were told to focus on values (a particular jail sentence is fair and just).

Negotiators focusing on personal gain were most likely to come under the influence of fixed-pie ____ and approach the situation competitively.

Negotiators focusing on values were least likely to see the problem in ____ terms and more inclined to approach the situation cooperatively.

Stressful conditions such as time constraints contribute to this common misperception, ____ in turn may lead to less integrative agreements.