2024년 10월 고1 모의고사 변형 (31-42번)

The best defence most species of ____ have is to stay hidden as much as possible and do their own hunting at night.

So to find one in full view in the shallows in daylight was a surprise for ____ Australian underwater photographers.

Actually, what they saw at first was a ____

It was only when they looked again that they saw a medium-sized octopus, with all eight of ____ arms folded and its two eyes staring upwards to create the illusion.

An octopus has a big brain, excellent eyesight and the ability to change colour and pattern, and this one was using these assets to turn itself into a completely ____ creature.

Many more of this species have been found since then, and ____ are now photographs of octopuses that could be said to be transforming into sea snakes.

And while they mimic, they hunt ─ producing the ____ of, say, a flounder suddenly developing an octopodian arm, sticking it down a hole and grabbing whatever's hiding there.

How much we suffer relates ____ how we frame the pain in our mind.

When 1500m runners push themselves into extreme pain ____ win a race ─ their muscles screaming and their lungs exploding with oxygen deficit, they don't psychologically suffer much.

In fact, ultramarathon runners ─ those people who are crazy enough to push themselves beyond the normal boundaries ____ human endurance, covering distances of 50-100km or more over many hours, talk about making friends with their pain.

When a patient has paid for some form of passive back pain therapy and the practitioner pushes deeply into a painful part of a patient's back to mobilise it, the patient calls that good pain if he or she believes this type of deep pressure treatment ____ be of value, even though the practitioner is pushing right into the patient's sore tissues.

When I worked for a large electronics company that manufactured laser and inkjet printers, I ____ discovered why there are often three versions of many consumer goods.

If the manufacturer makes only one version of its product, people who bought it might have been ____ to spend more money, so the company is losing some income.

If the company offers two versions, one with more features and more expensive than the other, people will compare ____ two models and still buy the less expensive one.

But if the company introduces a third model with even more features and more expensive than the other two, sales of the second model go up; ____ people like the features of the most expensive model, but not the price.

The middle item has more features than ____ least expensive one, and it is less expensive than the fanciest model.

They buy the middle item, unaware that they have been manipulated by the presence of ____ higher-priced item.

Onscreen, climate disaster is everywhere you look, but the scope of the world's climate transformation may ____ as quickly eliminate the climate-fiction genre ─ indeed eliminate any effort to tell the story of warming, which could grow too large and too obvious even for Hollywood.

You ____ tell stories 'about' climate change while it still seems a marginal feature of human life.

But when the temperature rises by three or four ____ degrees, hardly anyone will be able to feel isolated from its impacts.

And so as climate change expands across the horizon, it ____ cease to be a story.

Why watch or read climate fiction about the world you can see plainly ____ your own window?

At the moment, stories ____ global warming can still offer an escapist pleasure, even if that pleasure often comes in the form of horror.

But when ____ can no longer pretend that climate suffering is distant ─ in time or in place ─ we will stop pretending about it and start pretending within it.

Today, the water crisis is political ─ which is to say, not inevitable or beyond our capacity to fix ─ and, therefore, ____ elective.

That is one reason it is nevertheless distressing: an abundant resource made scarce through governmental neglect and indifference, bad infrastructure and contamination, ____ careless urbanization.

There is no need for a water crisis, in other words, but we have one anyway, and aren't doing much to address ____

Some cities lose more water to leaks than they deliver to homes: even in the United States, leaks and theft account for an estimated loss of ____ percent of freshwater; in Brazil, the estimate is 40 percent.

Seen in both cases, as everywhere, ____ selective scarcity clearly highlights have-and-have-not inequities, leaving 2.1 billion people without safe drinking water and 4.5 billion without proper sanitation worldwide.

As individuals, our ability to thrive depended on how well we ____ relationships in a group.

If the group valued us, we could count on support, ____ and probably a mate.

If it didn't, we might get none of these ____

It was a matter of survival, physically and ____

Over millions of years, the ____ selected for people who are sensitive to and skilled at maximizing their standing.

The result was the development of a tendency ____ unconsciously monitor how other people in our community perceive us.

We process that ____ in the form of self-esteem and such related emotions as pride, shame, or insecurity.

These emotions compel us to do more of what ____ our community value us and less of what doesn't.

____ crucially, they are meant to make that motivation feel like it is coming from within.

If we realized, on a conscious ____ that we were responding to social pressure, our performance might come off as grudging or cynical, making it less persuasive.

Conventional medicine ____ long believed that depression is caused by an imbalance of neurotransmitters in the brain.

However, there is a major problem with ____ explanation.

This is because the imbalance of substances in the brain is a consequence of depression, not ____ cause.

In other words, depression causes a decrease in brain substances such as serotonin ____ noradrenaline, not a decrease in brain substances causes depression.

In this revised cause-and-effect, the key is to reframe depression as a ____ of consciousness.

Our consciousness is a more fundamental entity that goes ____ the functioning of the brain.

The brain is no more than an ____ of consciousness.

If it is not consciousness itself, then the root cause of depression is also a distortion of our state of consciousness: a consciousness that has lost ____ sense of self and the meaning of life.

Such a disease of consciousness ____ manifest itself in the form of depression.

The common accounts of human nature that float around in society are ____ a mixture of assumptions, tales and sometimes plain silliness.

However, psychology ____ different.

It is the branch of science that is devoted to understanding people: how and why we act as we do; why we see things as we ____ and how we interact with one another.

The ____ word here is 'science.'

Psychologists don't depend on opinions and hearsay, or the generally accepted views of society at the time, ____ even the considered opinions of deep thinkers.

Instead, they look for evidence, to make sure that psychological ideas are firmly based, and not just derived ____ generally held beliefs or assumptions.

In addition to this evidence-based approach, psychology deals with fundamental processes and principles that generate our rich cultural and social diversity, as ____ as those shared by all human beings.

____ are what modern psychology is all about.

Life is what physicists might call a 'high-dimensional system,' which is their ____ way of saying that there's a lot going on.

In just a single cell, ____ number of possible interactions between different molecules is enormous.

Such a system can only hope to be stable if only a smaller number of collective ways ____ being may emerge.

For example, it is only a limited number of tissues and body shapes that may result from the ____ of a human embryo.

____ 1942, the biologist Conrad Waddington called this drastic narrowing of outcomes canalization.

The organism may switch between a small number of well-defined possible states, but can't exist in random states in between them, rather as a ball in a rough landscape must roll to the bottom of ____ valley or another.

We'll see that this is true also of health and disease: there are many causes of illness, but their manifestations at the physiological and symptomatic levels are often strikingly ____

____ a child may not be effective due to what Alvaro Bilbao, a neuropsychologist, calls 'trick-punishments.'

____ trick-punishment is a scolding, a moment of anger or a punishment in the most classic sense of the word.

Instead of discouraging the child from doing something, it encourages them to do ____

For example, Hugh learns that when ____ hits his little brother, his mother scolds him.

For a child who feels lonely, ____ scolded is much better than feeling invisible, so he will continue to hit his brother.

In this case, his mother would be ____ adopting a different strategy.

For instance, she could congratulate Hugh when he ____ not hit his brother for a certain length of time.

The mother clearly cannot ____ the child to hit his little brother, but instead of constantly pointing out the negatives, she can choose to reward the positives.

In ____ way, any parent can avoid trick-punishments.

A trick-punishment reinforces the unwanted behavior of a child, which implies that parents should focus on reducing the attention ____ negatives while rewarding positive behaviors.

From an early age, we ____ purpose to objects and events, preferring this reasoning to random chance.

Children assume, for ____ that pointy rocks are that way because they don't want you to sit on them.

When we encounter something, we first need to determine what sort of thing ____ is.

Inanimate objects and plants generally do not move and can be evaluated from ____ alone.

However, by attributing intention to animals and even objects, we are able to make fast decisions about the likely behaviour of that ____

This was essential in our ____ days to avoid being eaten by predators.

The anthropologist Stewart Guthrie made the point that survival in our evolutionary past meant that we ____ ambiguous objects as agents with human mental characteristics, as those are the mental processes which we understand.

Ambiguous events are caused by such ____

This results in a perceptual system strongly ____ towards anthropomorphism.

Therefore, we tend to assume intention ____ where there is none.

This would have ____ as a survival mechanism.

If a lion is about to attack ____ you need to react quickly, given its probable intention to kill you.

By the time you have realized that the design ____ its teeth and claws could kill you, you are dead.

So, assuming intent, without detailed design analysis or understanding of the physics, ____ saved your life.