2024년 10월 고1 모의고사 변형 (31-42번)

The ____ defence most species of octopus have is to stay hidden as much as possible and do their own hunting at night.

So to find one in full view in the shallows in ____ was a surprise for two Australian underwater photographers.

Actually, what they ____ at first was a flounder.

It was only when they looked again that they saw a medium-sized octopus, with ____ eight of its arms folded and its two eyes staring upwards to create the illusion.

An octopus has a big brain, excellent eyesight and the ability to change colour and pattern, and this ____ was using these assets to turn itself into a completely different creature.

Many more of this species have been found since then, and there are ____ photographs of octopuses that could be said to be transforming into sea snakes.

And while they ____, they hunt ─ producing the spectacle of, say, a flounder suddenly developing an octopodian arm, sticking it down a hole and grabbing whatever's hiding there.

How much we suffer relates to how we frame the ____ in our mind.

When 1500m runners push themselves into extreme pain to win a race ─ their muscles screaming and their lungs exploding with oxygen deficit, they ____ psychologically suffer much.

In fact, ultramarathon ____ ─ those people who are crazy enough to push themselves beyond the normal boundaries of human endurance, covering distances of 50-100km or more over many hours, talk about making friends with their pain.

When a patient has paid for some form of passive back ____ therapy and the practitioner pushes deeply into a painful part of a patient's back to mobilise it, the patient calls that good pain if he or she believes this type of deep pressure treatment will be of value, even though the practitioner is pushing right into the patient's sore tissues.

When I worked for a large electronics company that manufactured laser and inkjet printers, I soon discovered why ____ are often three versions of many consumer goods.

If the manufacturer makes only one version of its product, people ____ bought it might have been willing to spend more money, so the company is losing some income.

If the company offers two versions, ____ with more features and more expensive than the other, people will compare the two models and still buy the less expensive one.

But if the ____ introduces a third model with even more features and more expensive than the other two, sales of the second model go up; many people like the features of the most expensive model, but not the price.

The middle item has more features than the least expensive one, and it is less ____ than the fanciest model.

They buy the middle item, unaware that they have been manipulated by the presence of the ____ item.

Onscreen, climate disaster is everywhere you look, but the scope of the world's climate transformation may just as quickly eliminate the climate-fiction genre ─ indeed eliminate any effort to tell the ____ of warming, which could grow too large and too obvious even for Hollywood.

You can tell stories 'about' climate change while it still ____ a marginal feature of human life.

But when the ____ rises by three or four more degrees, hardly anyone will be able to feel isolated from its impacts.

And so as climate change expands across the horizon, it may ____ to be a story.

Why watch or read climate fiction about the world you ____ see plainly out your own window?

At the moment, stories illustrating global warming can still offer an escapist pleasure, even if that ____ often comes in the form of horror.

But when we can no longer pretend that climate suffering is ____ ─ in time or in place ─ we will stop pretending about it and start pretending within it.

Today, the water crisis is political ─ which is to say, not inevitable or beyond our capacity to fix ─ and, ____, functionally elective.

That is one reason it is nevertheless distressing: an abundant resource made scarce through governmental neglect and indifference, bad infrastructure and ____, and careless urbanization.

There is no need for a water crisis, in other words, but we have one anyway, and ____ doing much to address it.

Some cities lose more water to leaks than they deliver to homes: ____ in the United States, leaks and theft account for an estimated loss of 16 percent of freshwater; in Brazil, the estimate is 40 percent.

Seen in both cases, as everywhere, the selective scarcity clearly highlights have-and-have-not inequities, leaving 2.1 billion people without safe drinking water and 4.5 billion ____ proper sanitation worldwide.

As individuals, our ability to thrive depended on how well we navigated relationships in a ____.

If the group valued us, we ____ count on support, resources, and probably a mate.

If it ____ we might get none of these merits.

It was a matter of survival, physically and ____.

Over ____ of years, the pressure selected for people who are sensitive to and skilled at maximizing their standing.

The result was the ____ of a tendency to unconsciously monitor how other people in our community perceive us.

We process that information in the form of self-esteem and ____ related emotions as pride, shame, or insecurity.

These emotions ____ us to do more of what makes our community value us and less of what doesn't.

And, crucially, they are meant to ____ that motivation feel like it is coming from within.

If we realized, on a conscious level, that we were responding to social pressure, our performance might come off as grudging or cynical, ____ it less persuasive.

____ medicine has long believed that depression is caused by an imbalance of neurotransmitters in the brain.

However, there is a major problem with this ____.

This is because the ____ of substances in the brain is a consequence of depression, not its cause.

In ____ words, depression causes a decrease in brain substances such as serotonin and noradrenaline, not a decrease in brain substances causes depression.

In this revised cause-and-effect, the key is to reframe depression as a ____ of consciousness.

Our consciousness is a more fundamental entity that goes beyond the ____ of the brain.

The brain is no ____ than an organ of consciousness.

If it is not consciousness itself, then the root cause of depression is also a distortion of our state of consciousness: a consciousness that has lost its ____ of self and the meaning of life.

Such a disease of ____ may manifest itself in the form of depression.

The common accounts of human nature that float ____ in society are generally a mixture of assumptions, tales and sometimes plain silliness.

However, ____ is different.

It is the branch of science that is devoted to understanding people: how and ____ we act as we do; why we see things as we do; and how we interact with one another.

The key word ____ is 'science.'

Psychologists don't depend on opinions and hearsay, or the generally accepted views of society at the time, or ____ the considered opinions of deep thinkers.

Instead, they look for evidence, to make sure that psychological ideas are firmly based, and not just derived from generally held beliefs or ____.

In addition to this evidence-based approach, psychology deals with fundamental processes and principles that generate our rich cultural and ____ diversity, as well as those shared by all human beings.

These are ____ modern psychology is all about.

Life is what physicists might call a 'high-dimensional ____,' which is their fancy way of saying that there's a lot going on.

In just a single cell, the ____ of possible interactions between different molecules is enormous.

Such a system can only hope to be stable if only a smaller number of collective ways of being ____ emerge.

For example, it is only a limited number of tissues and body ____ that may result from the development of a human embryo.

In 1942, the biologist Conrad Waddington called this ____ narrowing of outcomes canalization.

The organism may switch between a small number of well-defined possible states, but can't exist in random states in between them, rather as a ball in a rough landscape must roll to the bottom of one ____ or another.

We'll see that this is true also of health and disease: there are many ____ of illness, but their manifestations at the physiological and symptomatic levels are often strikingly similar.

Punishing a ____ may not be effective due to what Alvaro Bilbao, a neuropsychologist, calls 'trick-punishments.'

A trick-punishment is a scolding, a moment of anger or a punishment in the ____ classic sense of the word.

Instead of discouraging the child from doing something, it encourages ____ to do it.

For ____, Hugh learns that when he hits his little brother, his mother scolds him.

For a child who feels lonely, being scolded is much better than ____ invisible, so he will continue to hit his brother.

In this case, his mother would be better ____ a different strategy.

For instance, she could congratulate Hugh when he has not hit his ____ for a certain length of time.

The mother clearly cannot allow the child to hit his little brother, but instead of ____ pointing out the negatives, she can choose to reward the positives.

In this ____, any parent can avoid trick-punishments.

A trick-punishment reinforces the unwanted behavior of a child, which implies that parents should focus on reducing the attention to negatives ____ rewarding positive behaviors.

From an early age, we assign purpose to objects and ____, preferring this reasoning to random chance.

Children ____, for instance, that pointy rocks are that way because they don't want you to sit on them.

When we encounter something, we first ____ to determine what sort of thing it is.

Inanimate objects and plants generally do not ____ and can be evaluated from physics alone.

However, by attributing intention to ____ and even objects, we are able to make fast decisions about the likely behaviour of that being.

This was ____ in our hunter-gatherer days to avoid being eaten by predators.

The anthropologist Stewart Guthrie made the ____ that survival in our evolutionary past meant that we interpret ambiguous objects as agents with human mental characteristics, as those are the mental processes which we understand.

Ambiguous ____ are caused by such agents.

This results in a perceptual system ____ biased towards anthropomorphism.

Therefore, we tend to assume intention even where ____ is none.

This would ____ arisen as a survival mechanism.

If a lion is about to attack you, you need to react quickly, given ____ probable intention to kill you.

By the ____ you have realized that the design of its teeth and claws could kill you, you are dead.

So, ____ intent, without detailed design analysis or understanding of the physics, has saved your life.