2024년 10월 고1 모의고사 변형 (31-42번)

____ best defence most species of octopus have is to stay hidden as much as possible and do their own hunting at night.

So to find one in full view ____ the shallows in daylight was a surprise for two Australian underwater photographers.

Actually, what they saw at ____ was a flounder.

It was only when they looked again that they saw ____ medium-sized octopus, with all eight of its arms folded and its two eyes staring upwards to create the illusion.

An octopus has a big brain, excellent eyesight and the ability to change colour ____ pattern, and this one was using these assets to turn itself into a completely different creature.

Many more of this species have been found since then, and there are now photographs of octopuses that could be said to be transforming into ____ snakes.

And while ____ mimic, they hunt ─ producing the spectacle of, say, a flounder suddenly developing an octopodian arm, sticking it down a hole and grabbing whatever's hiding there.

How much we suffer relates to ____ we frame the pain in our mind.

When 1500m runners push themselves ____ extreme pain to win a race ─ their muscles screaming and their lungs exploding with oxygen deficit, they don't psychologically suffer much.

In fact, ultramarathon runners ─ those people who are crazy enough to push themselves beyond the normal boundaries of human endurance, covering distances ____ 50-100km or more over many hours, talk about making friends with their pain.

When a patient has paid for some form of passive back pain therapy and the practitioner pushes deeply into a painful part of a patient's back ____ mobilise it, the patient calls that good pain if he or she believes this type of deep pressure treatment will be of value, even though the practitioner is pushing right into the patient's sore tissues.

When I worked for a large electronics company that manufactured laser and inkjet printers, I soon discovered why there are often three versions of many ____ goods.

If the manufacturer makes only one version of its product, people who bought it might have been willing to spend more money, so ____ company is losing some income.

If the company offers two versions, ____ with more features and more expensive than the other, people will compare the two models and still buy the less expensive one.

But if the company introduces a third model with even more features and more expensive than the other two, sales of the second model go up; many people like the features of the most expensive model, but not the ____

The ____ item has more features than the least expensive one, and it is less expensive than the fanciest model.

They buy the middle item, unaware ____ they have been manipulated by the presence of the higher-priced item.

Onscreen, climate disaster is everywhere you look, but the scope of the world's climate ____ may just as quickly eliminate the climate-fiction genre ─ indeed eliminate any effort to tell the story of warming, which could grow too large and too obvious even for Hollywood.

You can ____ stories 'about' climate change while it still seems a marginal feature of human life.

But when the temperature rises by three or four more degrees, hardly anyone will be able to feel isolated ____ its impacts.

And so as climate change expands across the horizon, it may ____ to be a story.

Why watch or read climate fiction about the world you can see plainly ____ your own window?

At the moment, stories illustrating global warming can still offer an escapist pleasure, even if that pleasure often comes in the form ____ horror.

But when we can no longer pretend that climate suffering is distant ─ in time ____ in place ─ we will stop pretending about it and start pretending within it.

Today, the water crisis is political ─ which is to say, not ____ or beyond our capacity to fix ─ and, therefore, functionally elective.

That is one reason it is nevertheless distressing: an abundant resource made scarce through governmental neglect and indifference, bad infrastructure and contamination, and ____ urbanization.

There is no need for a water crisis, ____ other words, but we have one anyway, and aren't doing much to address it.

Some cities lose more water to leaks than they deliver to homes: even in the United States, leaks and theft account for an ____ loss of 16 percent of freshwater; in Brazil, the estimate is 40 percent.

Seen in both cases, as everywhere, the selective scarcity clearly highlights have-and-have-not inequities, leaving ____ billion people without safe drinking water and 4.5 billion without proper sanitation worldwide.

As individuals, ____ ability to thrive depended on how well we navigated relationships in a group.

If the group valued us, we ____ count on support, resources, and probably a mate.

If it didn't, we might get none of ____ merits.

It was a matter of survival, ____ and genetically.

Over ____ of years, the pressure selected for people who are sensitive to and skilled at maximizing their standing.

The result was the development of a tendency to unconsciously monitor ____ other people in our community perceive us.

We process that information in the form of self-esteem and ____ related emotions as pride, shame, or insecurity.

These emotions compel us to do more of what makes ____ community value us and less of what doesn't.

And, crucially, they are meant to make that ____ feel like it is coming from within.

If we realized, on a conscious level, that we ____ responding to social pressure, our performance might come off as grudging or cynical, making it less persuasive.

Conventional medicine has long ____ that depression is caused by an imbalance of neurotransmitters in the brain.

However, there ____ a major problem with this explanation.

This ____ because the imbalance of substances in the brain is a consequence of depression, not its cause.

In other words, depression causes a ____ in brain substances such as serotonin and noradrenaline, not a decrease in brain substances causes depression.

In ____ revised cause-and-effect, the key is to reframe depression as a problem of consciousness.

Our consciousness is a more fundamental entity that goes beyond the functioning of ____ brain.

The brain is no more than an organ of ____

If it is not consciousness itself, then the root cause of depression is also a distortion of our state of consciousness: a consciousness that has lost its sense ____ self and the meaning of life.

Such ____ disease of consciousness may manifest itself in the form of depression.

The ____ accounts of human nature that float around in society are generally a mixture of assumptions, tales and sometimes plain silliness.

____ psychology is different.

It is the branch of science that ____ devoted to understanding people: how and why we act as we do; why we see things as we do; and how we interact with one another.

The ____ word here is 'science.'

Psychologists don't ____ on opinions and hearsay, or the generally accepted views of society at the time, or even the considered opinions of deep thinkers.

Instead, they look for evidence, to make sure that psychological ideas are firmly based, and not just ____ from generally held beliefs or assumptions.

In addition to this evidence-based approach, psychology deals with fundamental processes and principles that generate our rich cultural and social diversity, as well as those shared by ____ human beings.

These are ____ modern psychology is all about.

Life is what physicists might call ____ 'high-dimensional system,' which is their fancy way of saying that there's a lot going on.

In just a ____ cell, the number of possible interactions between different molecules is enormous.

Such a system can only hope to be stable if only a smaller number ____ collective ways of being may emerge.

For ____ it is only a limited number of tissues and body shapes that may result from the development of a human embryo.

In 1942, the biologist Conrad Waddington called ____ drastic narrowing of outcomes canalization.

____ organism may switch between a small number of well-defined possible states, but can't exist in random states in between them, rather as a ball in a rough landscape must roll to the bottom of one valley or another.

We'll see that this ____ true also of health and disease: there are many causes of illness, but their manifestations at the physiological and symptomatic levels are often strikingly similar.

Punishing a child may not be effective due to what Alvaro Bilbao, a ____ calls 'trick-punishments.'

A trick-punishment ____ a scolding, a moment of anger or a punishment in the most classic sense of the word.

Instead of discouraging the child from doing something, it encourages them to do ____

For example, Hugh learns that when ____ hits his little brother, his mother scolds him.

For a child who feels ____ being scolded is much better than feeling invisible, so he will continue to hit his brother.

In this case, his mother would ____ better adopting a different strategy.

For instance, she could congratulate Hugh when he has not hit his brother for a certain ____ of time.

The mother clearly cannot allow the child to hit his ____ brother, but instead of constantly pointing out the negatives, she can choose to reward the positives.

In this way, any parent can avoid ____

A trick-punishment reinforces the unwanted behavior of a child, which implies that parents should focus on reducing ____ attention to negatives while rewarding positive behaviors.

From an early age, ____ assign purpose to objects and events, preferring this reasoning to random chance.

Children assume, for instance, that pointy rocks are ____ way because they don't want you to sit on them.

When we encounter something, we first need to determine what ____ of thing it is.

Inanimate objects and plants generally do not move and can be ____ from physics alone.

However, by attributing intention to animals and even objects, we are able to ____ fast decisions about the likely behaviour of that being.

This was essential in our hunter-gatherer days to avoid ____ eaten by predators.

The anthropologist Stewart Guthrie made the point that survival in our evolutionary past meant ____ we interpret ambiguous objects as agents with human mental characteristics, as those are the mental processes which we understand.

Ambiguous ____ are caused by such agents.

This results in a perceptual system strongly biased ____ anthropomorphism.

Therefore, we tend to ____ intention even where there is none.

This would have arisen as a survival ____

If a lion is about to attack you, you need to react quickly, given its probable ____ to kill you.

By the time you have realized that the design of its teeth and ____ could kill you, you are dead.

So, assuming intent, without detailed design ____ or understanding of the physics, has saved your life.