2024년 10월 고3 모의고사 변형 (31-42번)

After we make some ____ of scientific and technological progress, does further progress get easier or harder?

Intuitively, it seems like ____ could go either way because there are two competing effects.

On the ____ hand, we "stand on the shoulders of giants": previous discoveries can make future progress easier.

On the other hand, we "pick the low-hanging fruit": we ____ the easy discoveries first, so those that remain are more difficult.

You can only invent ____ wheel once, and once you have, it's harder to find a similarly important invention.

Though both of these effects are important, when we look at the data it's the ____ effect that predominates.

Overall, past progress ____ future progress harder.

It's easy to see this qualitatively by looking ____ the history of innovation.

Consider physics. In 1905, his ____ year," Albert Einstein revolutionized physics, describing the photoelectric effect, Brownian motion, the theory of special relativity, and his famous equation, E=mc².

He was twenty-six at the time ____ did all this while working as a patent clerk.

Compared to Einstein's day, progress in physics is now much ____ to achieve.

Behavior is, for the most part, a product of ____ and brain neuropathways.

Consider the elegant chemistry at work when living organisms move, think, behave, ____ act.

Certainly, the environment is a factor here ____ it can influence how we act.

An analogy ____ illustrate this adequately.

Think of ____ environment as gasoline, and our body as the engine.

Truly, the ____ does not run without the gasoline, but all the intricate parts of the engine are the product of physical architecture, designed and assembled for a reactive purpose long before the gasoline is injected.

Inject more gas and the engine accelerates, less, and it ____

The same is true ____ an organism. Behavior is a response to the environment.

We have 'free will,' but the ultimate characteristic of that response ____ only act with respect to the architecture of our genes and our brain.

In other words, the environment can, effectively, accelerate or slow down a potential behavior, but the engine for that behavior is already built and functional; therefore, the environment is but ____ catalyst.

The social-cognitive revolution at 1 year of age sets the stage for infants' second year of life, in which they begin to imitatively learn the use of all ____ of tools, artifacts, and symbols.

For example, in a study by Meltzoff (1988), 14-month-old children observed ____ adult bend at the waist and touch its head to a panel, thus turning on a light.

____ followed suit.

Infants engaged in this somewhat unusual and awkward behavior, even though it would have been easier and more natural for them simply to ____ the panel with their hand.

One interpretation of this behavior is that infants understood that the adult had the goal of illuminating the light and then chose one means for doing so, from among other possible means, and if they had the ____ goal, they could choose the same means.

Similarly, Carpenter et al. ____ found that 16-month-old infants will imitatively learn from a complex behavioral sequence only those behaviors that appear intentional, ignoring those that appear accidental.

Young children ____ not just imitate the limb movements of other persons, they attempt to reproduce other persons' intended actions in the world.

It is important to remember that to achieve acceptance and use of new technologies | systems, the ____ importance to the users has to be valued more highly than the degree of innovation.

However, policies and political goals are often confused with the driver's personal ____

Societal goals and individual ____ do not necessarily coincide.

For example, the policy goal behind ISA ____ Speed Adaptation; a system which warns the drivers when they exceed the speed limit, and may even prevent them from doing so) could be to increase traffic safety or to increase speed limit compliance.

These goals might not be relevant to some drivers, for example, due to their ____ that safety measures are redundant because of their own personal driving skills or because speeding is not seen as a 'real crime.'

Nevertheless, they might find that the system ____ them to avoid speeding tickets or they want to use the system simply because they have a general interest in innovative systems.

From infancy, even before we learn to speak, we absorb ____ to infer people's emotions from their behaviors.

As we grow older, however, this ____ can atrophy.

We start to pay increasing attention to what people say rather than what they do, to ____ point where we can fail to notice nonlinguistic clues.

Spoken language is so information rich that it lulls us into ignoring hints that someone might be, say, upset ____ instead focus on their words when they say, It's nothing. I feel fine.

Some people, however, have a talent for detecting ____ even when they're unspoken.

We all know people like ____ Friends who seem to intuit when we're feeling down, even if we haven't said anything; managers who sense when a kind word is needed to help us get over the hump at work.

It's natural to assume ____ people are unusually observant, or uncommonly sensitive.

Sometimes they are. But years ____ research indicates this is a skill anyone can develop.

We can learn to identify the nonverbal clues that indicate someone's true emotions and use these hints to understand what they are ____

Some epistemic ____ let us know that we know.

____ include the feeling of knowing, the feeling of certainty, and the feeling of correctness.

For example, you feel sure that "1666" ____ the answer to the question, "When did the Great Fire of London occur?"

Feeling that you know, even that you are sure, ____ not unfailing.

We ____ be mistaken in those feelings.

Other epistemic feelings alert our attention to what we do not ____ know.

____ awe, and wonder fall into this category.

As with the feelings ____ knowing, we can ask whether feelings of not-yet-knowing are necessarily right.

____ does seem that if you wonder at something, there is something that prompted you to wonder.

This feeling alerts you to the ____ that your current body of knowledge ─ the schemas, heuristics, and other information you use ─ did not prepare you for the thing you wonder at.

As such, wonder is a useful emotion, because it ____ to gaps in what you thought you knew.

Memory often ____ tricks.

According to Mlodinow, we give "unwarranted importance to memories that are the most ____ and hence most available for retrieval ─ our memory makes it easy to remember the events that are unusual and striking not the many events that are normal and dull."

____ self-serving bias works because, as Trivers observes, "There are also many processes of memory that can be biased to produce welcome results. Memories are continually distorting in self-serving ways."

A recent ____ argues that several forms of cognitive bias cause distortions in storing and retrieving memories.

This, in turn, has a bearing on theories of agenda setting, priming, and framing, which argue that how people respond to the news ____ strongly influenced by what is most easily and readily accessible from their memories.

But what ____ memories about news stories are faulty and distort, forget, or invent what was actually reported?

In such cases, it may be the manipulation of memories ____ individual minds that primes, frames, and sets the agenda, not the original news stories.

One way to catch a fly ball is to solve all the differential equations governing the ball's trajectory as well as your own movements and at the ____ time reposition your body based on those solutions.

Unfortunately, you don't have a differential equation-solving device in your brain, so instead you solve a simpler problem: how to ____ the glove most effectively between the ball and your body.

The cerebellum assumes that ____ hand and the ball should appear in similar relative positions for each catch.

So, if the ball is dropping too fast and your hand appears to be going too slowly, it will direct your hand to ____ more quickly to match the familiar relative position.

These simple actions by the cerebellum to map ____ inputs onto muscle movements enable us to catch the ball without solving any differential equations.

We are also able to use the ____ to anticipate what our actions would be even if we don't actually take them.

Your ____ might tell you that you could catch the ball but you're likely to crash into another player, so maybe you should not take this action.

Philosophical interest in poetry has been dominated by the question of whether poetry can aid ____ thought and promote philosophical inquiry.

This focus reflects ____ tradition of philosophers like Pope and Rumi presenting their philosophical work in verse.

In addition, poets like William Wordsworth ____ T. S. Eliot have been celebrated as poet-philosophers, with their work valued as the product of philosophy through poetry.

However, arguments against poetry having a role to play in philosophical inquiry have tended to focus on poetry's (negative) relationship to truth (or, ____ John Koethe puts it, poetry's indifference to truth).

Although we ____ accept works of poetry as having philosophical themes, this does not amount to doing philosophy through poetry.

One ____ argument hinges on the non-paraphrasability of poetry and form-content unity.

The thought goes, if poetry is to play a role ____ philosophy, then it needs to be paraphrasable (that is, its content must be separable from its form).

The assumption is that paraphrase is a mark of understanding and indicates that some proposition has a fixed meaning and that only ____ proposition with a fixed meaning can be evaluated in terms of truth or falsity.

Poetry resists paraphrase: to change the words is ____ change the poem.

Vocal sounds produced by parrots, regardless of the fact that they may be audibly indistinguishable from spoken words and regardless of the fact that someone or some group of people ____ take them to be words, are not words.

They are not given a semantic ____ by physical similitude to spoken words.

Nor can the "talk" of ____ parrot be given a semantic dimension by being taken to be a set of linguistic acts.

In like manner, weather etchings on a stone or shapes in the clouds, regardless of how physically similar they may be to written words or drawings of objects and regardless of what they are taken to be by observers, are not ____ or pictures.

They do not have the appropriate etiology and they ____ no inherent semantic content or object.

They ____ simply physical objects that resemble certain other things.

For observers, they ____ call to mind the things they resemble.

In this regard, they may function as natural signs by virtue of the physical resemblance, ____ they have no semantic content about which one could be right or wrong.

If people take A to be a sign of B by virtue of some nonsemantic relation that ____ or is believed to hold, between A and B, A is a sign of B.

But words, ____ and images are not that way.

They contain a semantic ____ to be understood.