2024년 10월 고3 모의고사 변형 (31-42번)

After we ____ some amount of scientific and technological progress, does further progress get easier or harder?

Intuitively, it seems like it could go either way because there are two competing ____.

On the one hand, we "stand on the shoulders of giants": previous discoveries can make ____ progress easier.

On the other hand, we "____ the low-hanging fruit": we make the easy discoveries first, so those that remain are more difficult.

You can only invent the wheel once, and once you have, it's harder to find a ____ important invention.

Though both of these effects are important, when we look at the ____ it's the latter effect that predominates.

____, past progress makes future progress harder.

It's easy to see this qualitatively by ____ at the history of innovation.

Consider physics. In 1905, his "miracle year," Albert Einstein revolutionized physics, ____ the photoelectric effect, Brownian motion, the theory of special relativity, and his famous equation, E=mc².

He was twenty-six at the time and did ____ this while working as a patent clerk.

Compared to Einstein's day, progress in ____ is now much harder to achieve.

Behavior is, for the most part, a product of genes and brain ____.

Consider the elegant chemistry at work when living organisms ____, think, behave, and act.

Certainly, the environment is a factor here because it can influence ____ we act.

An analogy would ____ this adequately.

Think of the environment as gasoline, and our ____ as the engine.

____, the engine does not run without the gasoline, but all the intricate parts of the engine are the product of physical architecture, designed and assembled for a reactive purpose long before the gasoline is injected.

Inject ____ gas and the engine accelerates, less, and it slows.

The same is true for an organism. ____ is a response to the environment.

We have 'free will,' but the ultimate characteristic of that response can only act with respect to the architecture of our genes and our ____.

In other words, the environment ____, effectively, accelerate or slow down a potential behavior, but the engine for that behavior is already built and functional; therefore, the environment is but a catalyst.

The social-cognitive revolution at 1 year of age sets the stage for infants' second year of life, in which they begin to imitatively ____ the use of all kinds of tools, artifacts, and symbols.

For example, in a ____ by Meltzoff (1988), 14-month-old children observed an adult bend at the waist and touch its head to a panel, thus turning on a light.

They ____ suit.

Infants engaged in this somewhat unusual and awkward behavior, even though it ____ have been easier and more natural for them simply to push the panel with their hand.

One interpretation of this behavior is that infants understood that the adult had the goal of illuminating the light and then chose one means for doing so, from among other possible means, and if they ____ the same goal, they could choose the same means.

Similarly, Carpenter et al. (1998) found that 16-month-old infants will imitatively learn from a complex behavioral ____ only those behaviors that appear intentional, ignoring those that appear accidental.

Young children do not just imitate the limb movements of other persons, they attempt to reproduce other persons' intended actions in the ____.

It is important to ____ that to achieve acceptance and use of new technologies | systems, the personal importance to the users has to be valued more highly than the degree of innovation.

However, ____ and political goals are often confused with the driver's personal goals.

Societal goals and individual goals do not necessarily ____.

For example, the policy goal behind ISA (Intelligent Speed Adaptation; a system which warns the drivers when they exceed the speed limit, and may even prevent them from doing so) could be to increase traffic safety or to increase speed ____ compliance.

These goals might not be ____ to some drivers, for example, due to their feeling that safety measures are redundant because of their own personal driving skills or because speeding is not seen as a 'real crime.'

Nevertheless, they might find that the ____ helps them to avoid speeding tickets or they want to use the system simply because they have a general interest in innovative systems.

From infancy, even before we learn to speak, we absorb how to infer ____ emotions from their behaviors.

As we grow ____, however, this capacity can atrophy.

We start to pay increasing attention to what people say rather than what they do, to the point where we can fail to notice ____ clues.

Spoken language is so information rich that it lulls us into ignoring hints that someone might be, say, upset and ____ focus on their words when they say, It's nothing. I feel fine.

Some people, however, ____ a talent for detecting emotions, even when they're unspoken.

We all know people like this: ____ who seem to intuit when we're feeling down, even if we haven't said anything; managers who sense when a kind word is needed to help us get over the hump at work.

It's natural to ____ these people are unusually observant, or uncommonly sensitive.

Sometimes they are. But years of research indicates this is a skill anyone can ____.

We can learn to identify the ____ clues that indicate someone's true emotions and use these hints to understand what they are feeling.

Some ____ feelings let us know that we know.

These include the feeling of knowing, the feeling of certainty, and the feeling of ____.

For example, you feel sure that "1666" is the answer to the question, "When did the Great ____ of London occur?"

Feeling that you know, ____ that you are sure, is not unfailing.

We can be mistaken in those ____.

Other ____ feelings alert our attention to what we do not yet know.

____, awe, and wonder fall into this category.

As with the feelings of knowing, we can ____ whether feelings of not-yet-knowing are necessarily right.

It does seem that if you wonder at something, there is something that ____ you to wonder.

This feeling alerts you to the fact that your current body of knowledge ─ the schemas, heuristics, and other information you use ─ did not ____ you for the thing you wonder at.

As such, wonder is a useful emotion, ____ it points to gaps in what you thought you knew.

Memory ____ plays tricks.

____ to Mlodinow, we give "unwarranted importance to memories that are the most vivid and hence most available for retrieval ─ our memory makes it easy to remember the events that are unusual and striking not the many events that are normal and dull."

The self-serving bias works because, as Trivers observes, "There are ____ many processes of memory that can be biased to produce welcome results. Memories are continually distorting in self-serving ways."

A recent study argues that several ____ of cognitive bias cause distortions in storing and retrieving memories.

This, in turn, has a bearing on theories of agenda setting, ____, and framing, which argue that how people respond to the news is strongly influenced by what is most easily and readily accessible from their memories.

But what if memories about news stories are faulty and distort, forget, or ____ what was actually reported?

In such cases, it ____ be the manipulation of memories in individual minds that primes, frames, and sets the agenda, not the original news stories.

One way to catch a fly ____ is to solve all the differential equations governing the ball's trajectory as well as your own movements and at the same time reposition your body based on those solutions.

Unfortunately, you don't have a differential equation-solving device in your brain, so instead you solve a simpler problem: how to place the glove most effectively between the ____ and your body.

The cerebellum assumes that your hand and the ball should ____ in similar relative positions for each catch.

So, if the ball is dropping too fast and your hand appears to be going too slowly, it will direct your hand to move more quickly to match the familiar ____ position.

These simple ____ by the cerebellum to map sensory inputs onto muscle movements enable us to catch the ball without solving any differential equations.

We are also able to use the cerebellum to anticipate what our actions would be ____ if we don't actually take them.

Your cerebellum might tell you that you could catch the ball but ____ likely to crash into another player, so maybe you should not take this action.

Philosophical interest in poetry has been dominated by the ____ of whether poetry can aid philosophical thought and promote philosophical inquiry.

This focus ____ a tradition of philosophers like Pope and Rumi presenting their philosophical work in verse.

In addition, ____ like William Wordsworth and T. S. Eliot have been celebrated as poet-philosophers, with their work valued as the product of philosophy through poetry.

However, arguments against poetry having a role to play in philosophical inquiry have tended to focus on poetry's (negative) relationship to ____ (or, as John Koethe puts it, poetry's indifference to truth).

Although we may accept works of poetry as having philosophical themes, this does not ____ to doing philosophy through poetry.

One such argument hinges on the non-paraphrasability of poetry and ____ unity.

The thought goes, if poetry is to play a role in philosophy, then it needs to be paraphrasable (that is, ____ content must be separable from its form).

The assumption is that paraphrase is a mark of understanding and indicates that some ____ has a fixed meaning and that only a proposition with a fixed meaning can be evaluated in terms of truth or falsity.

Poetry resists paraphrase: to change the words is to change the ____.

Vocal sounds produced by parrots, regardless of the fact that they may be audibly indistinguishable from spoken words and regardless of the ____ that someone or some group of people may take them to be words, are not words.

They are not given a semantic ____ by physical similitude to spoken words.

Nor can the "talk" of a parrot be given a semantic dimension by being taken to be a ____ of linguistic acts.

In like manner, weather etchings on a stone or shapes in the clouds, regardless of how physically similar they may be to written words or drawings of objects and regardless of what they are taken to be by observers, are ____ words or pictures.

They do not have the appropriate etiology and they ____ no inherent semantic content or object.

They are simply physical objects that resemble certain ____ things.

For observers, they ____ call to mind the things they resemble.

In this regard, they may function as natural signs by virtue of the physical resemblance, but they have no semantic content about ____ one could be right or wrong.

If people take A to be a ____ of B by virtue of some nonsemantic relation that holds, or is believed to hold, between A and B, A is a sign of B.

But words, pictures, and images are not that ____.

They ____ a semantic content to be understood.