2024년 6월 고2 모의고사 변형 (31-42번)

We collect stamps, coins, vintage cars ____ when they serve no practical purpose.

The post office doesn't accept the old stamps, the banks don't take old ____ and the vintage cars are no longer allowed on the road.

These ____ all side issues; the attraction is that they are in short supply.

In one study, students were asked to arrange ten posters in order of attractiveness ― with the agreement that afterward they could ____ one poster as a reward for their participation.

Five minutes later, they were told that the poster with the third highest rating was ____ longer available.

Then they were ____ to judge all ten from scratch.

The poster ____ was no longer available was suddenly classified as the most beautiful.

In psychology, this phenomenon ____ called reactance: when we are deprived of an option, we suddenly deem it more attractive.

If we've invested in something that hasn't repaid us ― be it money in a failing venture, or time in ____ unhappy relationship ― we find it very difficult to walk away.

This is ____ sunk cost fallacy.

Our instinct is to continue investing money or time as we hope that our investment will prove to be ____ in the end.

Giving up would mean acknowledging that we've wasted something we can't get back, and that thought is so painful that we prefer ____ avoid it if we can.

The problem, of course, is that if something really is a bad bet, then staying ____ it simply increases the amount we lose.

Rather than ____ away from a bad five-year relationship, for example, we turn it into a bad 10-year relationship; rather than accept that we've lost a thousand dollars, we lay down another thousand and lose that too.

In the end, by delaying ____ pain of admitting our problem, we only add to it.

Sometimes we just have to cut our ____

On ____ little world, light travels, for all practical purposes, instantaneously.

If a lightbulb is glowing, then of course it's physically where we see it, ____ away.

We reach out our hand and touch it: It's there all right, and unpleasantly ____

If the filament ____ then the light goes out.

We don't see it in the same place, glowing, illuminating the room years after the bulb breaks and it's removed from ____ socket.

____ very notion seems nonsensical.

But if we're far enough away, an entire sun can go out and we'll ____ to see it shining brightly; we won't learn of its death, it may be, for ages to come ― in fact, for how long it takes light, which travels fast but not infinitely fast, to cross the intervening vastness.

The immense distances to the stars and the galaxies ____ that we see everything in space in the past.

Financial markets do more than ____ capital from the rich and lend it to everyone else.

They enable each of us to smooth consumption over our lifetimes, which is a fancy way of saying that we don't ____ to spend income at the same time we earn it.

Shakespeare ____ have admonished us to be neither borrowers nor lenders; the fact is that most of us will be both at some point.

If we lived in an agrarian society, we would have to eat our crops reasonably soon after ____ harvest or find some way to store them.

Financial markets are a more ____ way of managing the harvest.

We can spend income now that we have not yet earned ― as by borrowing for ____ or a home ― or we can earn income now and spend it later, as by saving for retirement.

The important point is that earning income has been divorced from spending it, allowing us ____ more flexibility in life.

As the old joke goes: "Software, free. User manual, ____

But it's no joke. A couple of high-profile companies make their living selling instruction and paid support for ____ software.

The copy of ____ being mere bits, is free.

The lines of free code become valuable to you only through support and ____

A lot of medical ____ genetic information will go this route in the coming decades.

Right now getting a full copy of all your DNA is very ____ ($10,000), but soon it won't be.

The price is dropping so fast, it will be $100 soon, and then the next year insurance companies ____ offer to sequence you for free.

When a copy of your sequence costs nothing, the interpretation of what it means, what ____ can do about it, and how to use it ― the manual for your genes ― will be expensive.

Brains are expensive in terms of ____

Twenty percent of the calories ____ consume are used to power the brain.

So ____ try to operate in the most energy-efficient way possible, and that means processing only the minimum amount of information from our senses that we need to navigate the world.

Neuroscientists weren't the first to discover that fixing your gaze ____ something is no guarantee of seeing it.

Magicians figured ____ out long ago.

By directing your attention, they perform tricks ____ their hands in full view.

Their actions should give away the game, but they can rest assured that your brain processes only ____ bits of the visual scene.

This all helps ____ explain the prevalence of traffic accidents in which drivers hit pedestrians in plain view, or collide with cars directly in front of them.

In many of these cases, the eyes are pointed in the right direction, but the brain isn't seeing what's really out ____

Buying a television is current ____

It makes us happy today but does nothing to make ____ richer tomorrow.

____ money spent on a television keeps workers employed at the television factory.

But if the same money were invested, it would create jobs somewhere else, say for scientists in a laboratory or workers on a construction site, while also making ____ richer in the long run.

Think ____ college as an example.

____ students to college creates jobs for professors.

Using the same ____ to buy fancy sports cars for high school graduates would create jobs for auto workers.

The crucial difference between these scenarios is that a college education makes a young person more productive for the rest of his or her life; ____ sports car does not.

Thus, college tuition is ____ investment; buying a sports car is consumption.

The Net differs from most of the mass media it replaces in ____ obvious and very important way: it's bidirectional.

We can send messages through the network as ____ as receive them, which has made the system all the more useful.

____ ability to exchange information online, to upload as well as download, has turned the Net into a thoroughfare for business and commerce.

With a few clicks, people can search virtual catalogues, place orders, track shipments, and update information ____ corporate databases.

But the Net doesn't just connect us with businesses; it connects us ____ one another.

It's a ____ broadcasting medium as well as a commercial one.

Millions of people use it to distribute their own digital creations, in the form of ____ videos, photos, songs, and podcasts, as well as to critique, edit, or otherwise modify the creations of others.

Imagine that ____ out of ten working Americans got fired tomorrow.

What would they all ____

It's hard to believe you'd have an economy at all if you gave pink slips to more than ____ the labor force.

But that is what the industrial revolution did to the workforce of the early ____ century.

Two hundred years ago, 70 ____ of American workers lived on the farm.

Today automation has eliminated ____ but 1 percent of their jobs, replacing them with machines.

But the ____ workers did not sit idle.

Instead, automation created hundreds of millions of jobs in ____ new fields.

Those who once farmed were ____ manning the factories that manufactured farm equipment, cars, and other industrial products.

Since then, wave upon wave of new occupations have ____ ─ appliance repair person, food chemist, photographer, web designer ─ each building on previous automation.

____ the vast majority of us are doing jobs that no farmer from the 1800s could have imagined.

Many things spark ____ ownership, status, health, youth, talent, popularity, beauty.

It is often confused with jealousy because the physical reactions ____ identical.

The difference: the subject of envy is a thing (status, money, ____ etc.).

The subject of jealousy is ____ behaviour of a third person.

Envy needs two ____

Jealousy, on the ____ hand, requires three:

Peter is jealous of Sam because the beautiful ____ next door rings him instead.

Paradoxically, with envy we direct resentments toward those who are most similar to us in age, career and ____

We don't envy businesspeople from ____ century before last.

We don't envy millionaires on the other ____ of the globe.

As a writer, I don't envy musicians, managers or dentists, ____ other writers.

As a CEO you ____ other, bigger CEOs.

As a supermodel you ____ more successful supermodels.

Aristotle knew this: 'Potters envy ____

Jealousy involves three parties, focusing on the actions of a third person, whereas envy involves two individuals whose personal circumstances are most alike, with ____ person resenting the other.

We ____ biases that support our biases!

If we're partial to ____ option ― perhaps because it's more memorable, or framed to minimize loss, or seemingly consistent with a promising pattern ― we tend to search for information that will justify choosing that option.

On the one hand, it's sensible to make choices that we can ____ with data and a list of reasons.

On ____ other hand, if we're not careful, we're likely to conduct an imbalanced analysis, falling prey to a cluster of errors collectively known as "confirmation biases."

For example, nearly all companies include classic "tell ____ about yourself" job interviews as part of the hiring process, and many rely on these interviews alone to evaluate applicants.

But it turns out that traditional interviews are actually one of ____ least useful tools for predicting an employee's future success.

This is because interviewers often subconsciously make up their minds about interviewees based on their first few moments of interaction and spend the rest of the interview cherry-picking evidence and phrasing ____ questions to confirm that initial impression:

I see ____ you left a good position at your previous job. You must be pretty ambitious, right? versus "You must not have been very committed, huh?"

This means that interviewers can be prone to ____ significant information that would clearly indicate whether this candidate was actually the best person to hire.

More structured approaches, like obtaining ____ of a candidate's work or asking how he would respond to difficult hypothetical situations, are dramatically better at assessing future success, with a nearly threefold advantage over traditional interviews.