2024년 6월 고2 모의고사 변형 (31-42번)

We collect stamps, coins, vintage cars even when ____ serve no practical purpose.

The post office doesn't accept the old stamps, the banks don't take old coins, and the ____ cars are no longer allowed on the road.

These are ____ side issues; the attraction is that they are in short supply.

In one study, students were asked to ____ ten posters in order of attractiveness ― with the agreement that afterward they could keep one poster as a reward for their participation.

Five minutes later, they were told that the poster with the third ____ rating was no longer available.

Then they were asked to judge all ten ____ scratch.

The poster that was no longer ____ was suddenly classified as the most beautiful.

In psychology, this phenomenon is called reactance: when we are deprived of an option, we suddenly deem ____ more attractive.

If we've invested in something that hasn't repaid ____ ― be it money in a failing venture, or time in an unhappy relationship ― we find it very difficult to walk away.

This is the sunk ____ fallacy.

Our instinct is to continue investing money or time as we hope that our investment will prove to be worthwhile in the ____

Giving up would mean acknowledging that we've wasted something we can't get ____ and that thought is so painful that we prefer to avoid it if we can.

The problem, of course, is that if something really is a bad bet, then staying with ____ simply increases the amount we lose.

Rather than walk away from a bad ____ relationship, for example, we turn it into a bad 10-year relationship; rather than accept that we've lost a thousand dollars, we lay down another thousand and lose that too.

In the end, by delaying the pain of admitting our problem, ____ only add to it.

Sometimes we just have ____ cut our losses.

On our little world, light travels, for all practical purposes, ____

If a lightbulb is glowing, then of course it's physically ____ we see it, shining away.

We reach out our hand and touch it: It's there all right, and ____ hot.

If the ____ fails, then the light goes out.

We don't see it in the same place, glowing, illuminating the room years after the bulb breaks ____ it's removed from its socket.

____ very notion seems nonsensical.

But if we're far enough away, an entire sun can go out and we'll continue to see it shining brightly; we won't learn of its death, it may be, for ages to come ― in fact, for how long it takes light, which travels fast but not infinitely fast, to cross the ____ vastness.

The immense distances to the stars and the ____ mean that we see everything in space in the past.

Financial markets ____ more than take capital from the rich and lend it to everyone else.

They enable each of us to smooth consumption over our lifetimes, which is a fancy way of saying that we don't have to spend ____ at the same time we earn it.

Shakespeare may have admonished us to be neither borrowers nor lenders; the fact is that most of us will be both ____ some point.

If we lived in an agrarian society, we would have to ____ our crops reasonably soon after the harvest or find some way to store them.

Financial markets are ____ more sophisticated way of managing the harvest.

We can spend income now that we have not yet earned ― as by borrowing for college or a home ― or ____ can earn income now and spend it later, as by saving for retirement.

The important point is that earning income has been divorced from spending it, allowing us much more ____ in life.

As the old joke goes: "Software, free. ____ manual, $10,000."

But it's no joke. A couple of high-profile companies make their living selling instruction ____ paid support for free software.

The copy ____ code, being mere bits, is free.

The lines of free code ____ valuable to you only through support and guidance.

A lot of medical and genetic information will go this route in the ____ decades.

Right now getting ____ full copy of all your DNA is very expensive ($10,000), but soon it won't be.

The price is dropping so fast, it will be $100 soon, and then the next ____ insurance companies will offer to sequence you for free.

When a copy of your sequence costs nothing, the interpretation of what it means, ____ you can do about it, and how to use it ― the manual for your genes ― will be expensive.

Brains ____ expensive in terms of energy.

Twenty percent of the calories we consume are ____ to power the brain.

So brains try to operate in the most energy-efficient way possible, and that means processing only the ____ amount of information from our senses that we need to navigate the world.

Neuroscientists weren't the first to discover that fixing your gaze on something ____ no guarantee of seeing it.

Magicians figured this ____ long ago.

By directing ____ attention, they perform tricks with their hands in full view.

Their actions should give away ____ game, but they can rest assured that your brain processes only small bits of the visual scene.

This all helps to explain the prevalence of traffic accidents in which drivers hit pedestrians in plain view, or collide with cars ____ in front of them.

In many of these cases, the eyes are pointed in the right direction, but the brain isn't seeing what's really ____ there.

Buying a television is ____ consumption.

It makes us happy today but does nothing to ____ us richer tomorrow.

Yes, money spent on a television keeps workers ____ at the television factory.

But if the same ____ were invested, it would create jobs somewhere else, say for scientists in a laboratory or workers on a construction site, while also making us richer in the long run.

____ about college as an example.

Sending students to ____ creates jobs for professors.

Using the same money to buy fancy sports cars for high school graduates would create ____ for auto workers.

The crucial difference ____ these scenarios is that a college education makes a young person more productive for the rest of his or her life; a sports car does not.

____ college tuition is an investment; buying a sports car is consumption.

The Net differs ____ most of the mass media it replaces in an obvious and very important way: it's bidirectional.

We can send messages through the network as well as receive them, which has made the ____ all the more useful.

The ability to exchange information online, ____ upload as well as download, has turned the Net into a thoroughfare for business and commerce.

With a few ____ people can search virtual catalogues, place orders, track shipments, and update information in corporate databases.

But the Net doesn't just connect us with businesses; it connects us with ____ another.

____ a personal broadcasting medium as well as a commercial one.

Millions of people use it to distribute their own digital creations, in the form of blogs, videos, photos, songs, and podcasts, as well as to critique, edit, or otherwise modify the ____ of others.

Imagine that seven out of ten working Americans got ____ tomorrow.

What would ____ all do?

It's hard to believe you'd have an economy ____ all if you gave pink slips to more than half the labor force.

But that is what the industrial revolution did ____ the workforce of the early 19th century.

Two hundred years ____ 70 percent of American workers lived on the farm.

Today ____ has eliminated all but 1 percent of their jobs, replacing them with machines.

But the displaced workers ____ not sit idle.

____ automation created hundreds of millions of jobs in entirely new fields.

Those who once farmed were now manning the ____ that manufactured farm equipment, cars, and other industrial products.

Since then, wave upon wave of new occupations have arrived ─ appliance ____ person, food chemist, photographer, web designer ─ each building on previous automation.

Today, the vast ____ of us are doing jobs that no farmer from the 1800s could have imagined.

Many things spark envy: ownership, status, health, ____ talent, popularity, beauty.

It is often confused with jealousy because the physical reactions are ____

The difference: the subject ____ envy is a thing (status, money, health etc.).

____ subject of jealousy is the behaviour of a third person.

Envy needs two ____

Jealousy, on the other ____ requires three:

Peter is jealous of Sam because the beautiful girl next door rings him ____

Paradoxically, with envy we direct resentments toward those who are most similar ____ us in age, career and residence.

We ____ envy businesspeople from the century before last.

We don't envy ____ on the other side of the globe.

As a writer, I don't envy musicians, managers or dentists, but ____ writers.

As a CEO you envy other, bigger ____

As a supermodel ____ envy more successful supermodels.

____ knew this: 'Potters envy potters.'

Jealousy involves three parties, focusing on the actions of a third person, whereas envy involves two ____ whose personal circumstances are most alike, with one person resenting the other.

We have biases that support our ____

If we're partial to one option ― perhaps because it's more memorable, or framed to minimize loss, or seemingly consistent with a promising pattern ― we tend ____ search for information that will justify choosing that option.

On the one hand, it's sensible to make choices that we can defend ____ data and a list of reasons.

On the other hand, if we're not careful, we're likely to conduct an imbalanced analysis, falling prey to a cluster of errors collectively known as "confirmation ____

For example, ____ all companies include classic "tell me about yourself" job interviews as part of the hiring process, and many rely on these interviews alone to evaluate applicants.

But it turns out that traditional interviews are actually one of the least useful ____ for predicting an employee's future success.

This is because interviewers often ____ make up their minds about interviewees based on their first few moments of interaction and spend the rest of the interview cherry-picking evidence and phrasing their questions to confirm that initial impression:

I ____ here you left a good position at your previous job. You must be pretty ambitious, right? versus "You must not have been very committed, huh?"

This means that interviewers can be prone to ignoring ____ information that would clearly indicate whether this candidate was actually the best person to hire.

____ structured approaches, like obtaining samples of a candidate's work or asking how he would respond to difficult hypothetical situations, are dramatically better at assessing future success, with a nearly threefold advantage over traditional interviews.