2024년 9월 고3 모의고사 변형 (31-42번)

There has been a lot of discussion on why moths are attracted ____ light.

The consensus seems to hold that ____ are not so much attracted to lights as they are trapped by them.

____ light becomes a sensory overload that disorients the insects and sends them into a holding pattern.

A hypothesis called the Mach band theory suggests that moths ____ a dark area around a light source and head for it to escape the light.

Another ____ suggests that moths perceive the light coming from a source as a diffuse halo with a dark spot in the center.

The moths, attempting to escape the light, fly toward that imagined "portal," bringing them closer ____ the source.

As they approach the ____ their reference point changes and they circle the light hopelessly trying to reach the portal.

Everyone ____ familiar with moths circling their porch lights.

Their flight appears to have no ____ but they are, it is believed, trying to escape the pull of the light.

One of the factors determining the use of technologies of communication will be the kinds of investments ____ in equipment and personnel; who makes them, and what they expect in return.

There is no guarantee that the investment will necessarily be in forms of communication that are most appropriate for the ____ of people.

Because the ownership of investment funds tends to be in the ____ of commercial organisations, the modernisation of communications infrastructure only takes place on the basis of potential profitability.

Take, for example, the installation of fibre-optic communications cable ____ the African continent.

A number of African nations are involved in the development but its ____ structures will be oriented to those who can pay for access.

Many states that might wish to use it for education and information may not only find it too expensive but also ____ unavailable to them.

There can be no ____ that the development has been led by investment opportunity rather than community demand.

City quality is so crucial for optional activities that the extent of staying activities can often be used as a measuring stick for ____ quality of the city as well as of its space.

Many pedestrians in a city are not necessarily ____ indication of good city quality ― many people walking around can often be a sign of insufficient transit options or long distances between the various functions in the city.

Conversely, ____ can be claimed that a city in which many people are not walking often indicates good city quality.

In a city like Rome, it is the large number of ____ standing or sitting in squares rather than walking that is conspicuous.

____ it's not due to necessity but rather that the city quality is so inviting.

It is hard to keep moving in city ____ with so many temptations to stay.

In contrast are many new quarters and complexes that many people ____ through but rarely stop or stay in.

That people need other people is hardly ____ but for Rousseau this dependence extended far beyond companionship or even love, into the very process of becoming human.

Rousseau believed that people are not born but made, every individual ____ bundle of potentials whose realization requires the active involvement of other people.

Self-development is a social process. Self-sufficiency is an impossible ____

Much of ____ time Rousseau wished passionately that it were not: Robinson Crusoe was a favorite book, and he yearned to be free from the pains and uncertainties of social life.

But ____ writings document with extraordinary clarity the shaping of the individual by his emotional attachments.

"Our sweetest existence is relative ____ collective, and our true self is not entirely within us."

And it is kindness ― which Rousseau analyzed under the rubric of pitie, which translates as "pity" but is much closer to "sympathy" as Hume and Smith defined it ― ____ is the key to this collective existence.

The best dealers offer a much broader service than merely having their goods on display ____ 'selling from stock'.

Once they know the needs of a particular ____ they can actively seek specific items to fill gaps in the collection.

Because it is their business, to which they devote themselves full-time, they will inevitably have a ____ wider network than any non-professional collector can ever develop.

As a matter of course they can ____ about the availability of pieces from dealers in other cities and, most crucially in some categories, from overseas.

They will be ____ informed of news of all auctions and important private sales, and should be well-enough connected to hear occasionally of items which are not yet quite on sale but might be available for a certain price.

In turn, they can circulate their own contacts ____ 'want-lists' of desired items or subjects, multiplying their client collectors' chances of expanding their collections.

If learning were simply a matter of accumulating lists of facts, ____ it shouldn't make any difference if we are presented with information that is just a little bit beyond what we already know or totally new information.

____ fact would simply be stored separately.

According to connectionist theory, however, our knowledge is organized into patterns of activity, and each time we learn something new we have to modify the old patterns so as to keep the old material while ____ the new information.

The adjustments are clearly smallest when the new information is only slightly new ― when it is compatible with what we already know, ____ that the old patterns need only a little bit of adjustment to accommodate the new knowledge.

If we ____ trying to understand something totally new, however, we need to make larger adjustments to the units of the patterns we already have, which requires changing the strengths of large numbers of connections in our brain, and this is a difficult, tiring process.

The generally close connection between health and what animals want exists because wanting to obtain ____ right things and wanting to avoid the wrong ones are major ways in which animals keep themselves healthy.

Animals have evolved many different ways of maintaining their ____ and then regaining it again once it has been damaged, such as an ability to heal wounds when they are injured and an amazingly complex immune system for warding off infection.

Animals are equally good, ____ at dealing with injury and disease before they even happen.

They have evolved a complex set of mechanisms for anticipating and avoiding danger ____

They can take pre-emptive action so ____ the worst never happens.

They start to want things that will be necessary for their health and survival not for now but for some ____ in the future.

People involved in the conception and engineering of ____ designed to perceive and act know how fundamental is the ability to discriminate oneself from other entities in the environment.

Without such ____ ability, no goal-oriented action would be possible.

Imagine that you have to build ____ robot able to search for blocks scattered in a room in order to pile them.

Even this simple task would require that your machine be able to discriminate between stimulation that originates from its own machinery and stimulation that originates from the blocks in ____ environment.

Suppose ____ you equip your robot with an artificial eye and an artificial arm to detect, grab, and pile the blocks.

To be successful, your machine will have to have some built-in system enabling it to discriminate between the detection of ____ block and the detection of its own arm.

____ not, the robot might endlessly chase itself rather than the blocks.

Your robot would engage in circular, self-centered acts that would drive it away from the target or ____ goal.

To decide whether and how to intervene in ecosystems, protected area managers normally need a reasonably clear idea of what future ecosystems would be like ____ they did not intervene.

Management practices ____ involve defining a more desirable future condition and implementing management actions designed to push or guide ecosystems toward that condition.

Managers need confidence in the likely outcomes of their ____

This traditional and inherently logical approach requires a high degree of predictive ability, and predictions must ____ developed at appropriate spatial and temporal scales, often localized and near-term.

Unfortunately, at the scales, accuracy, and precision most useful to protected area management, the future not only promises to be unprecedented, but it also promises to be ____

____ illustrate this, consider the uncertainties involved in predicting climatic changes, how ecosystems are likely to respond to climatic changes, and the likely efficacy of actions that might be taken to counter adverse effects of climatic changes.

Comparable uncertainties surround the nature and magnitude of future changes in ____ ecosystem stressors.

Human speech differs ____ the cries of other species in many ways.

One ____ important distinction is that all other animals use one call for one message as the general principle of communication.

This means that the number of ____ messages is very restricted.

If a new message is to be included in the system, a new sound has to ____ introduced, too.

After the first few tens of sounds it becomes difficult to invent new distinctive sounds, and also to remember them for the next ____ they are needed.

Human speech ____ on the principle of combining a restricted number of sounds into an unlimited number of messages.

In a typical human language there are ____ like thirty or forty distinctive speech sounds.

These sounds can be combined into chains to form a literally unlimited ____ of words.

Even a small ____ who can communicate by only one word at a time, uses a system for communication that is infinitely superior to any system utilized by any other animal.

In animal cries, each call represents a different message, which limits the number of possible messages, whereas human language creates an unlimited number of ____ using a finite set of distinctive sounds.

People are correct when they feel that the ____ poetry of literate societies and the oral poetry of non-literate ones differ considerably from the everyday language spoken in the community.

Listeners not only accept the strange use of words, rearrangement of word order, assonance, alliteration, rhythm, rhyme, compression of thought, and so on ― they actually ____ to find these things in poetry and they are disappointed when poetry does not sound "poetic."

But those who regard poetry as ____ different category of language altogether are deaf to the true achievements of the poet.

Rather, the poet artfully manipulates the same raw materials of his language as are used in everyday speech; his skill is to find new possibilities ____ the resources already in the language.

____ much the same way that people living at the seashore become so accustomed to the sound of waves that they no longer hear it, most of us have become insensitive to the flood tide of words, millions of them every day, that hit our eardrums.

One function of poetry is to depict the world with a fresh perception ― to make ____ strange ― so that we will listen to language once again.

But ____ successful poet never departs so far into the strange world of language that none of his listeners can follow him.

He still remains the communicator, the ____ of speech.