2025년 10월 고3 모의고사 변형 (31-42번)

As a general rule, when the individuals of a population encounter a new environmental ____ some individuals in the population will die prematurely and some individuals will survive.

If the reason for their survival (such as a slightly enhanced ability or trait) can be ____ on to their offspring (that is, it's genetically encoded), then the next generation should be better able to withstand the newly encountered environmental stress, and the population overall will be less susceptible to it.

Therefore, the key to the ability of a population to survive by adaptation lies in the rapidity with which the ____ generation, the more resistant generation, is produced by the survivors of this generation.

It follows that those species capable of producing a new generation very quickly should be better able to respond to a stress ____ quickly.

Those species that require more time for reproduction will ____ slower to adapt to the stress because of the additional time needed for them to produce stress-tolerant offspring.

The digital ____ has brought remarkable advancements in communication.

A message that might have taken weeks to deliver by mail can now be ____ in seconds.

Yet, in this shift toward ____ we've lost something essential: the richness of face-to-face interaction.

Think ____ it — when you communicate through a text or email, you're missing out on nonverbal cues like facial expressions, tone of voice, and body language.

These elements carry emotional weight, helping ____ to interpret meaning and intent.

____ them, our understanding of others' emotions is often incomplete, leading to confusion and frustration.

Take, for instance, a short reply to ____ email: "Okay."

Depending on the context, the sender's intention might be neutral, annoyed, or even ____

But without ____ inflections or facial expressions to guide us, we are left guessing.

This is why digital communication requires heightened emotional awareness — not only to express ourselves effectively but also to decode the emotions ____ the words we receive.

Our epistemic ____ to self-determination is open to error and, thus, subjective.

Turning oneself into an agent of a particular kind by conceiving of oneself as that type of agent does not suffice to ____ it the case that one actually is that type of agent.

Just imagine someone who believes ____ to be a natural born tango dancer.

He has watched many ____ about tango dancing and practices dancing by himself for many years.

Having prepared himself for a glorious entrance on the international scene, ____ travels to Buenos Aires and shows up at Maldita Milonga to show his skills.

Unbeknownst to him, though, his dancing (if dancing it be) does not even remotely resemble tango, and nothing he does ____ stage can be recognized as tango dancing.

Hence, while he conceived of himself as a tango dancer and did many things in light of that self-conception, including buying a ____ to Buenos Aires, dressing up, consuming hours of tango videos, reading books about tango, learning Spanish, etc. he failed at meeting some of the minimal norms of actually being a tango dancer at all.

What makes social attention distinct, and more far­reaching than many other forms of social connection, is that it can live outside of the actual ____ we have.

You can't have a relationship with a celebrity unless you know ____ and he knows you.

But a celebrity can be the object of your social ____

And this kind of one­sided social attention isn't something trivial or secondary, ____ an enormous part of our lives.

In tenth grade, you can spend most of your waking hours ____ about a high school senior you have a crush on.

As an adult, you might find yourself having imaginary arguments in your head with a ____ media personality.

Think for a moment of the pantheon of strangers we have in our heads ____ we put our social attention on — from athletes we root for or jeer, to celebrities, to people whose struggle we encounter in the news.

____ enormous part of our social attention falls upon people who do not know us at all.

We often use the word ignorance to denote a primitive or foolish set of ____

In fact, I would say that "explanation" is often primitive or foolish, and the ____ of ignorance is the beginning of scientific discourse.

When we ____ that something is unknown and inexplicable, then we admit also that it is worthy of investigation.

David Helfand, the astronomer, traces how our view of ____ wind evolved from the primitive to the scientific: first "the wind is angry," followed by "the wind god is angry," and finally "the wind is a measurable form of energy."

The first two statements provide a complete explanation but are clearly ignorant; the third shows ____ ignorance (we can't predict or alter the weather yet) but is surely less ignorant.

Explanation rather than ignorance is ____ hallmark of intellectual narrowness.

Some propositions ____ lotteries are extremely likely to be true.

Consider the proposition 'any given ____ in a ten-­million ticket lottery is a losing ticket'.

Despite being overwhelmingly likely to be true, many philosophers think that such propositions, based on probabilities alone, are different from other propositions we ____ rely upon.

It's been popular to suppose, for instance, ____ we don't know that we have lost the lottery just by reflecting on how unlikely winning is.

This is puzzling, because there are many things we take ourselves to know even though we presumably have more than a one­-in-­ten-­million chance of ____ wrong.

For example, you might know you will attend a meeting later, even though occasionally meetings get cancelled unexpectedly — and surely more frequently than one­-in-­ten-­million ____

If we want to avoid conceding that the scope of our knowledge is much more limited than usually supposed, there must be some difference between the probabilistic evidence we have ____ the lottery and evidence for regular things that we do know.

In everyday life, most people think that media effects are things that show up during a media exposure ____ immediately afterward.

Of course some effects do show up ____ but other effects may take a long time to manifest themselves.

Let's say you see an ____ for a product on a website and you click on a buy now button to buy that product.

This is an example of a media ____ triggering an immediate effect — a buying behavior — on you.

But let's ____ you did not click on the buy now button to buy the product; does this mean there was no media effect?

Perhaps, but also perhaps ____

If you continually expose yourself to ads in the media, you ____ gradually over time come to believe that you have more needs than you really have and that all of those needs can be easily satisfied by buying particular products.

This is a long-term effect on what you believe; it cannot ____ attributed to any one media exposure but instead gradually builds up in a steady drip-drip-drip manner over time.

Since its invention at the end of the nineteenth century, the ____ remained a machine that had to be controlled by a human driver.

Without human control of steering wheel, gas pedal and brakes ____ of the billions of miles could have been traversed by the billions of cars in the world: A car always needed the driving skills of a human to fulfill its function.

Without a driver, it would have been only an immobile artifact, left to stand still in ____ parking lot.

In the early years of motoring, this necessity of a human driver was not seen ____ a barrier.

Manual driving promised to ____ the human dream of individual mobility and freedom, of self-guidance, of autonomy.

But with the emerging mass automobility in the first decades of the twentieth century, the negative effects of ____ agency behind the steering wheel — accidents for example — became a serious topic of concern.

It is no ____ that the fantasy of a self-driving car, a car that can navigate without a human driver, can be dated to this period.

That the brain had limitations on the amount ____ information processing it could handle was not news to psychologists.

Indeed, about 15 years earlier, Miller showed this with his famous paper on ____ limited capacity of short-term memory.

What ____ novel was the connection between categorization and stereotyping, and that categorization was an inevitable aspect of human cognition.

At any given second, there are hundreds, even thousands, of different ____ that can be perceived in our immediate environment.

If we had to constantly think carefully about every one of those stimuli (or even a small subset thereof), in order to understand its nature and function, we would ____ get anything done!

____ we learn about different stimuli, and tend to group them in terms of common features, attributes, or functions.

This categorization process then becomes so well practiced as to become ____ and it frees up our consciousness to attend to things that are novel in our environment, or to our current task.

Thus, categorization helps us reduce the complexity of the stimuli ____ our social environment.

Cinema and law share the same ____ and audience.

Rather than an abstract desire for truth as a value ____ itself, the law deals with the messiness of human relations.

Both disciplines struggle with what it means to be ____ and try to communicate to us something about our existence; both are human artifacts directed at man.

Indeed, foundational to law is its anxiety about human nature: man desires freedom but is simultaneously too violent to exist in a state ____ nature without a regime of commands and prohibitions.

However, there is also an important difference here that makes a study of the interaction between ____ and law interesting: while cinema expresses man's affective life, the law keeps it in check.

It tries to ensure that we are not overwhelmed ____ destroyed by our desires and drives.

The law obsessively tries to suppress affects, fearing the horror of their consequences, ____ cinema introduces us to our affects, often forcing us to identify the most unbearable ones in ourselves.

Cinema and ____ are both human creations that explore humanity, yet they differ in how they handle emotion — cinema has us confront it, and law imposes limits on it.

Few pick up a novel and criticize it because the situations it describes and the people it contains never existed in real ____

Perhaps even when we should criticize fiction for giving us inaccurate or biased views of the state of the world, it generally escapes ____ scorn.

It's only fiction, we say. But of course fiction is more than just ____ made up.

If it were only that, we would not bother engaging with it, and it ____ not occupy such a large part of our lives.

Humans are drawn to fiction, to invented stories, ____ a way unique among animals.

If we think about this, it may seem odd — why should we be interested in reading or watching on screen a story ____ never happened, and in many cases that could never happen, the travails of people who never existed and could never exist?

Why do we enjoy this? What do ____ get out of it?

We're not learning anything about the world, we're not gaining any kind of useful experience that will help us navigate our lives more effectively, we're ____ learning any new skill or developing any new material.

Most of us of course will argue that there ____ a great deal of value in engaging with fiction and other kinds of art, even though these things may teach us nothing about the world or generate art-independent skills.

After all, we spend significant ____ of our time engaging with such fiction.

It ____ no surprise that films, television and sports, video games, novels, and the like, are billion-dollar industries.