2025년 10월 고3 모의고사 변형 (31-42번)

As a general rule, when the ____ of a population encounter a new environmental stress, some individuals in the population will die prematurely and some individuals will survive.

If the reason for their survival (such as a slightly enhanced ability or trait) can be ____ on to their offspring (that is, it's genetically encoded), then the next generation should be better able to withstand the newly encountered environmental stress, and the population overall will be less susceptible to it.

Therefore, the key to the ability ____ a population to survive by adaptation lies in the rapidity with which the next generation, the more resistant generation, is produced by the survivors of this generation.

It follows that those species capable of producing a new generation very ____ should be better able to respond to a stress very quickly.

Those species that require more time for reproduction will be slower ____ adapt to the stress because of the additional time needed for them to produce stress-tolerant offspring.

The digital age has brought remarkable advancements ____ communication.

A ____ that might have taken weeks to deliver by mail can now be sent in seconds.

Yet, in this shift toward efficiency, we've lost something essential: ____ richness of face-to-face interaction.

Think about it ____ when you communicate through a text or email, you're missing out on nonverbal cues like facial expressions, tone of voice, and body language.

These elements carry emotional weight, helping us to interpret meaning and ____

Without them, our ____ of others' emotions is often incomplete, leading to confusion and frustration.

Take, for instance, a short ____ to an email: "Okay."

____ on the context, the sender's intention might be neutral, annoyed, or even sarcastic.

But without vocal inflections or facial expressions to guide us, we ____ left guessing.

This is why digital communication requires ____ emotional awareness — not only to express ourselves effectively but also to decode the emotions behind the words we receive.

Our epistemic relation to self-determination is open to ____ and, thus, subjective.

____ oneself into an agent of a particular kind by conceiving of oneself as that type of agent does not suffice to make it the case that one actually is that type of agent.

Just imagine someone who believes himself ____ be a natural born tango dancer.

He has watched ____ videos about tango dancing and practices dancing by himself for many years.

Having prepared himself for a glorious entrance on the international ____ he travels to Buenos Aires and shows up at Maldita Milonga to show his skills.

Unbeknownst to him, though, his dancing (if dancing it be) does not even remotely resemble tango, and ____ he does on stage can be recognized as tango dancing.

Hence, while he conceived of himself as a tango dancer and did many things in light of that self-conception, including buying a ticket to Buenos Aires, dressing up, consuming hours of tango videos, reading books about tango, learning Spanish, etc. he failed at ____ some of the minimal norms of actually being a tango dancer at all.

What makes social attention distinct, and more far­reaching than many other forms of social ____ is that it can live outside of the actual relationships we have.

You can't ____ a relationship with a celebrity unless you know him and he knows you.

But a celebrity ____ be the object of your social attention.

And this kind of one­sided ____ attention isn't something trivial or secondary, but an enormous part of our lives.

In tenth grade, you can spend most of ____ waking hours daydreaming about a high school senior you have a crush on.

As an adult, you might find yourself having imaginary arguments in your head with ____ certain media personality.

Think for a moment of the pantheon of strangers we have in our heads that we put our social attention on — from athletes we root for or jeer, to celebrities, to ____ whose struggle we encounter in the news.

An enormous part of our social attention falls upon people ____ do not know us at all.

We often use the word ignorance to denote a primitive or foolish set of ____

In fact, I would say that "explanation" is often primitive ____ foolish, and the recognition of ignorance is the beginning of scientific discourse.

When we admit that something is unknown and ____ then we admit also that it is worthy of investigation.

David Helfand, the astronomer, ____ how our view of the wind evolved from the primitive to the scientific: first "the wind is angry," followed by "the wind god is angry," and finally "the wind is a measurable form of energy."

The first two statements provide a complete explanation but ____ clearly ignorant; the third shows our ignorance (we can't predict or alter the weather yet) but is surely less ignorant.

Explanation rather ____ ignorance is the hallmark of intellectual narrowness.

Some propositions ____ lotteries are extremely likely to be true.

Consider the ____ 'any given ticket in a ten-­million ticket lottery is a losing ticket'.

Despite being overwhelmingly likely to ____ true, many philosophers think that such propositions, based on probabilities alone, are different from other propositions we regularly rely upon.

It's been popular to suppose, for instance, that we don't know that we ____ lost the lottery just by reflecting on how unlikely winning is.

This is puzzling, because there are many things we take ourselves to know even though we presumably have ____ than a one­-in-­ten-­million chance of being wrong.

For example, you might know you will attend a meeting later, even ____ occasionally meetings get cancelled unexpectedly — and surely more frequently than one­-in-­ten-­million meetings!

If we want to avoid conceding ____ the scope of our knowledge is much more limited than usually supposed, there must be some difference between the probabilistic evidence we have about the lottery and evidence for regular things that we do know.

____ everyday life, most people think that media effects are things that show up during a media exposure or immediately afterward.

Of course some effects do show up ____ but other effects may take a long time to manifest themselves.

Let's say you see an ad for a product on a ____ and you click on a buy now button to buy that product.

This is an example of a media ____ triggering an immediate effect — a buying behavior — on you.

But let's say you did not click on the buy now button to buy the ____ does this mean there was no media effect?

____ but also perhaps not.

If you continually expose yourself to ads in the media, you may gradually over time ____ to believe that you have more needs than you really have and that all of those needs can be easily satisfied by buying particular products.

This is a long-term effect on ____ you believe; it cannot be attributed to any one media exposure but instead gradually builds up in a steady drip-drip-drip manner over time.

Since its invention at the ____ of the nineteenth century, the automobile remained a machine that had to be controlled by a human driver.

Without human control of steering wheel, gas pedal and brakes none of the billions of miles could have been traversed by the billions of cars in the world: A car always needed the driving skills of a human to fulfill its ____

Without a driver, it would have been only an immobile artifact, left to stand still ____ its parking lot.

In the early years of motoring, this necessity of a ____ driver was not seen as a barrier.

Manual driving ____ to fulfill the human dream of individual mobility and freedom, of self-guidance, of autonomy.

But with the ____ mass automobility in the first decades of the twentieth century, the negative effects of human agency behind the steering wheel — accidents for example — became a serious topic of concern.

It is ____ surprise that the fantasy of a self-driving car, a car that can navigate without a human driver, can be dated to this period.

That the ____ had limitations on the amount of information processing it could handle was not news to psychologists.

____ about 15 years earlier, Miller showed this with his famous paper on the limited capacity of short-term memory.

What was novel was the ____ between categorization and stereotyping, and that categorization was an inevitable aspect of human cognition.

At any given second, there are hundreds, even thousands, of different stimuli that can be perceived in our immediate ____

If we had to constantly think carefully about every one of ____ stimuli (or even a small subset thereof), in order to understand its nature and function, we would never get anything done!

Instead, we learn about different stimuli, and tend to group them in terms of common features, attributes, or ____

This categorization process then becomes so well ____ as to become automatic, and it frees up our consciousness to attend to things that are novel in our environment, or to our current task.

Thus, categorization helps us reduce ____ complexity of the stimuli in our social environment.

____ and law share the same subjects and audience.

Rather than an abstract ____ for truth as a value in itself, the law deals with the messiness of human relations.

Both disciplines struggle with what it means to ____ human and try to communicate to us something about our existence; both are human artifacts directed at man.

Indeed, foundational to law is its ____ about human nature: man desires freedom but is simultaneously too violent to exist in a state of nature without a regime of commands and prohibitions.

However, there is also an important difference here that makes a study of the interaction between cinema and law interesting: while cinema expresses ____ affective life, the law keeps it in check.

It tries to ensure that we are not overwhelmed and destroyed by our desires and ____

The law obsessively tries to suppress affects, fearing the horror of their consequences, whereas cinema ____ us to our affects, often forcing us to identify the most unbearable ones in ourselves.

Cinema and law are both human creations that explore humanity, yet they differ in how they handle emotion — cinema has ____ confront it, and law imposes limits on it.

Few pick ____ a novel and criticize it because the situations it describes and the people it contains never existed in real life.

Perhaps even when we should criticize fiction for giving ____ inaccurate or biased views of the state of the world, it generally escapes our scorn.

____ only fiction, we say. But of course fiction is more than just something made up.

If ____ were only that, we would not bother engaging with it, and it would not occupy such a large part of our lives.

Humans are drawn to fiction, ____ invented stories, in a way unique among animals.

If we think about this, it may seem odd — why should we be interested in reading or watching on screen a story that never happened, and in many cases that could never happen, the travails of people ____ never existed and could never exist?

Why do we enjoy this? What ____ we get out of it?

We're not learning anything about the world, we're not gaining any ____ of useful experience that will help us navigate our lives more effectively, we're not learning any new skill or developing any new material.

Most of us of course will argue that there is a great deal of value in engaging ____ fiction and other kinds of art, even though these things may teach us nothing about the world or generate art-independent skills.

After all, we spend significant amounts of ____ time engaging with such fiction.

It is no surprise that ____ television and sports, video games, novels, and the like, are billion-dollar industries.