2025년 9월 고3 모의고사 영어 변형문제 (30-42번)

What is soft-path river ____?

One ____ to visualize its spirit is to liken it to a footpath in the forest.

Suppose a tree ____ across a footpath.

A soft-path response would be simply to redirect the trail around the fallen ____.

A more ____ response would be to remove the tree and restore the original route.

A still more interventionist response might be to straighten and pave the ____ to insert it more permanently in the landscape.

The true ____ step would, of course, be to create a superhighway that removes the landscape and bulldozes straight through all obstacles in the topography.

Soft-path engineering has the unique advantage of intellectual modesty with respect to what we actually know about river ____ and its environmental effects.

In contrast to hard-path engineering, ____ engineering accepts variability in the river's movement as significant until proven otherwise.

Backwaters, short-lived wetlands, braids and ____, swamps ─ all undesirable to hard-path engineering ─ are presumed by soft-path engineers to be ecologically important.

We know that animals have evolved a variety of patterns to manipulate the perceptions of their predators to afford themselves a ____ of safety.

Greater ____ birds utilize perceptual biases in the mating domain.

Males construct a bower; its function is to provide an arena in which males ____ to females standing in an avenue that leads up to the bower.

The males decorate the avenue with a variety of objects, such as ____ and shells.

But they do not do so in a ____ manner.

The larger objects are placed closer to the bower and the smaller objects ____ away.

This creates a forced perspective the opposite of the Cinderella Castle; the bower appears smaller than it ____ is.

Endler and his colleagues suggested that the male courting in the bower now appears larger and ____ more attractive to the female.

Data on male mating success collected in the wild ____ their hypothesis.

Although empathy is widely praised by scholars and public figures, not everyone is an ____ booster.

Critics of empathy argue that empathy will not save us from interpersonal and ____ conflict.

In fact, they ____, empathy makes such conflicts worse.

These critics maintain that empathy can be exhausting and lead to burnout, ____ to suffering, or worse.

They argue that we tend to empathize strongly with our in-group and ____ empathizing with out-groups, and even enjoy the suffering of out-groups in competitive or threatening contexts.

Thus, the prescription for more empathy is often ____ in cases of conflict.

Empathy, they argue, ____ further entrench conflict and force us into an us vs. them mentality.

Finally, even when we try to empathize with others who are dissimilar from us or in unfamiliar contexts, sometimes we are unable to accurately empathize with their experiences, causing further misunderstandings and ____.

Critics of empathy argue that we should give up on empathy and employ other ____ in pursuit of social harmony, e.g., rational compassion or moral emotions like fear, anger, and shame.

Compared to other ecosystems, forests are relatively diverse, but this should not ____ be a justification for converting nonforests into forests.

Wetlands, meadows, and grasslands have a unique biota too, even if it is often not as rich as a forest ____.

The ecological problems of this process have been described from a number of places such as Iceland, South Africa, and Australia, but the classic ____ of this comes from Scotland and northern England.

Here the Forestry Commission has drained, ____, and fenced extensive areas of wetlands to facilitate turning them into forests.

Increasing the extent of forests in Britain is certainly a desirable goal, and most of the Forestry Commission's efforts are directed toward sites that were forested before sheep and their keepers ____ to the island.

However, ecologists frequently complain about the Commission's work because it is not restricted to former forest sites, because the forests established are usually composed of exotic trees, and because the ____ threatened by this activity includes many uncommon species.

When gathering the preferences of multiple agents into one collective choice, it is easily seen that ____ cases call for randomization or other means of tiebreaking.

For example, if there are two alternatives, a and b, and two agents such that one ____ a and the other one b, there is no deterministic way of selecting a single alternative without violating one of two basic fairness conditions known as anonymity and neutrality.

Anonymity requires that the collective choice ought to be independent of the agents' identities ____ neutrality requires impartiality towards the alternatives.

Allowing lotteries as social outcomes hence ____ like a necessity for impartial collective choice.

Indeed, most common "deterministic" social ____ functions such as plurality rule are only deterministic as long as there is no tie, which is usually resolved by drawing a lot.

The use of lotteries for the selection of officials interestingly goes back to the world's first democracy in Athens, where it was widely regarded as a principal characteristic of democracy, and has recently ____ increasing attention in political science.

All workers need access to mentors that ____ provide them with valuable information about their job, their workplace, and the resources that are available within their organization.

Mentors also ____ much needed psychosocial support.

Having a diverse network of ____ is important for dominant and minority group members alike.

Minority group members need diverse mentors so that they can gain insight into what it means to be employed by a particular organization or in a particular ____ or profession.

Majority workers benefit by having a network of diverse mentors because it ____ their understanding and sensitivity to the unique realities of diverse workers and their own identity, and perhaps even their own forms of privilege.

The ultimate goal of these mentoring opportunities is to have individuals be more informed, identified, and ____ in their work and in their organization.

Traditionally, when teachers teach writing, they ____ topics for students to write on; perhaps they do a bit of brainstorming about the topic during a pre-writing phase, and then have students write about the topic without interruption.

____, teachers collect and evaluate what students have written.

Such instruction is very 'product-oriented;' ____ is no involvement of the teacher in the act or 'process' of writing.

In process writing, on the other hand, students may ____ brainstorm ideas about a topic and begin writing, but then they have repeated conferences with the teacher and the other students, during which they receive feedback on their writing up to that point, make revisions, based on the feedback they receive, and carry on writing.

In this way, students learn to view their writing as someone else's reading and to improve both the expression of ____ and the form of their writing as they draft and redraft.

Process writing shifts the emphasis in teaching writing from evaluation to ____.

Perhaps at some point you have seen some mathematical ____ and not understood it.

You would not be the first; rest assured, even professional ____ sometimes have to rely on discussions with colleagues to properly understand problems they are looking at.

But ____ do you recognise some writing is mathematical in the first place?

The complicated notations that might spring to mind ─ all those strange dashes, squiggles and letters ─ are obvious signs, but a lot of ____ are really quite modern.

____ had been going on for a long time before the dashes and squiggles were invented.

Put simply, there has to be something mathematical going on for us to say that it is ____.

And if we are dealing with writing from a very distant past, in a language that is not familiar to us, from a time even before ____ language, that can be sometimes difficult to recognise.

It is worth ____ out that leaves don't drop to the ground because they are dying ─ rather, the tree initiates an active process of clever recycling called senescence.

A tree, like an oak for example, would ____ to survive through a harsh winter if it retained its canopy of leaves.

It would risk damage from strong winter winds and would lose more water from its leaves than it ____ draw up from the frozen ground.

If it didn't ____ over, it would die of thirst.

As winter approaches, the length of the day shortens, the temperature drops, and plants, including trees, ____ detect this change.

It signals to them that it is time to ____ their leaves.

First, however, trees carefully suck all of the useful nutrients out of the leaves and ____, with surgical precision, block up that pathway into the leaves.

That blocked pathway at the base of the leaf stem creates a weakness and, in the wind, the leaves snap ____ and fall to the ground.

Historians use evidence in ____ to understand what happened and why it happened.

In architectural history this evidence may take the form of the buildings themselves or their remains, and documents such as ____, drawings, descriptions, diaries or bills.

Our picture of any period of history is derived from a multitude of sources, such as the paintings, ____, deeds, buildings and other artefacts that have survived.

The problem of survival lies at the root of many of the historian's problems, for what has survived may not necessarily be more ____ than what has not survived.

The Egyptian pyramids have survived thousands of ____, but historical significance is not just a question of durability.

These ____ were part of a rich and diverse culture, much of which has been lost.

They are historical facts, but facts by themselves, even such massive facts as the pyramids, are just the first stage in any historical study, and until they have been evaluated, placed in context and interpreted, they ____ us little.

Different historians may place different values on the same facts, and the ____ of new evidence may modify or change existing theories and interpretations.

In most fiction, ____' lives are limited to the individual work.

Readers may disagree on the ____ and traits of fictional figures, and in drama there is room for different interpretations of characters.

However, it is less common for characters in ____ fiction to reappear in subsequent works than in genre fiction, where series featuring the same central characters are common.

This is ____ more pronounced in comics, which are typically serialized in newspaper strips or comic books.

Thus ____ introduced in the 1930s, like Superman and Batman, may still enjoy new adventures decades later.

During these ____' long histories, they change in various ways for a variety of reasons.

If a ____ is created by a single author, like Sherlock Holmes, the character's core traits may change little from story to story, but readers learn more about him with each successive story.

On the other hand, if characters are the work of several hands over decades, they ____ change considerably.

While characters in most literary fiction hardly ever feature in successive ____, those in genre fiction and comics often do so, and may undergo transformation in their traits especially when written about by different authors over time.

While social presence has evolved ____ many iterations since its first development within the context of the landline telephone, the perception or feeling of being connected with the other person within the context of the conversation has persisted.

Some research has explored ____ technologies and the extent to which their characteristics lead to a feeling of social presence.

For example, some researchers have ____ the "richness" of the media, or the number of cues available to convey social presence.

A telephone call, which provides for audio cues and immediate feedback, is potentially richer than an ____, which provides only textual cues and no immediate feedback.

Videoconferencing would be considered richer than the phone because of the addition of visual cues, ____ it closer to replicating a perceived gold standard of face-to-face, in-person social presence.

Researchers have suggested that successful ____ would choose rich media for confusing or ambiguous messages and lean or less rich media for messages that were more routine in nature.

For example, if you ____ to discuss a complicated client agreement, it would be best to choose a face-to-face meeting.

In contrast, if you were going to inform your team about a change in meeting time from 3:00 to 3:30, you might send ____ a generic email to everyone.

These different channels of communication were considered by researchers as a type of container that the ____ comes in.

To be a good communicator, you need to ____ the right container.