2025년 9월 고3 모의고사 영어 변형문제 (30-42번)

What is soft-path river ____

One way to visualize its spirit is to liken it to a ____ in the forest.

Suppose a tree falls across a ____

A soft-path response would be simply to redirect the trail around the fallen ____

A more interventionist response ____ be to remove the tree and restore the original route.

A still more interventionist response might be to straighten and pave ____ path to insert it more permanently in the landscape.

The true high-modernist step would, of ____ be to create a superhighway that removes the landscape and bulldozes straight through all obstacles in the topography.

Soft-path engineering has the unique advantage of ____ modesty with respect to what we actually know about river movement and its environmental effects.

In contrast to hard-path engineering, soft-path engineering accepts variability in the ____ movement as significant until proven otherwise.

Backwaters, short-lived wetlands, braids and channels, swamps ─ all undesirable to hard-path engineering ─ are presumed by soft-path ____ to be ecologically important.

We know that animals have evolved a ____ of patterns to manipulate the perceptions of their predators to afford themselves a modicum of safety.

Greater ____ birds utilize perceptual biases in the mating domain.

Males construct a bower; its function is to provide an arena in which males display to females standing in an avenue ____ leads up to the bower.

The males decorate the avenue with a ____ of objects, such as stones and shells.

But they ____ not do so in a chaotic manner.

____ larger objects are placed closer to the bower and the smaller objects farther away.

This creates a forced perspective the opposite of the Cinderella Castle; the bower ____ smaller than it actually is.

Endler and his colleagues suggested that the male courting in the bower now appears larger and thus more attractive ____ the female.

Data on male mating ____ collected in the wild supports their hypothesis.

Although empathy is widely praised by scholars and public figures, ____ everyone is an empathy booster.

Critics of empathy argue that ____ will not save us from interpersonal and intergroup conflict.

In fact, they argue, empathy ____ such conflicts worse.

These critics maintain that empathy can ____ exhausting and lead to burnout, insensitivity to suffering, or worse.

They argue that we tend to empathize strongly with our in-group and resist ____ with out-groups, and even enjoy the suffering of out-groups in competitive or threatening contexts.

Thus, ____ prescription for more empathy is often counterproductive in cases of conflict.

Empathy, they argue, can further entrench conflict and force us into an us vs. them ____

Finally, even when we try to empathize with others who are dissimilar from us or in unfamiliar contexts, sometimes we are ____ to accurately empathize with their experiences, causing further misunderstandings and frustration.

Critics of empathy argue ____ we should give up on empathy and employ other tools in pursuit of social harmony, e.g., rational compassion or moral emotions like fear, anger, and shame.

Compared to other ecosystems, forests are relatively diverse, but this should not necessarily ____ a justification for converting nonforests into forests.

Wetlands, meadows, and grasslands have a unique biota too, even if it is often not as rich as ____ forest biota.

The ecological problems of this process have been described from a number of places such as Iceland, South Africa, and Australia, but the classic example of this comes from Scotland ____ northern England.

Here the Forestry Commission has drained, ____ and fenced extensive areas of wetlands to facilitate turning them into forests.

Increasing the extent of forests in Britain is certainly a desirable goal, ____ most of the Forestry Commission's efforts are directed toward sites that were forested before sheep and their keepers came to the island.

However, ecologists frequently complain about ____ Commission's work because it is not restricted to former forest sites, because the forests established are usually composed of exotic trees, and because the wildlife threatened by this activity includes many uncommon species.

When gathering the preferences of multiple agents into one collective choice, it is easily seen that certain cases call for randomization ____ other means of tiebreaking.

For example, if there are two alternatives, a ____ b, and two agents such that one prefers a and the other one b, there is no deterministic way of selecting a single alternative without violating one of two basic fairness conditions known as anonymity and neutrality.

Anonymity requires that the collective choice ought to be independent of the agents' identities ____ neutrality requires impartiality towards the alternatives.

Allowing lotteries as social outcomes hence seems like a ____ for impartial collective choice.

Indeed, most common "deterministic" social choice functions such as plurality rule are only deterministic as long as there is no tie, which is usually resolved by ____ a lot.

The use of lotteries for the selection ____ officials interestingly goes back to the world's first democracy in Athens, where it was widely regarded as a principal characteristic of democracy, and has recently gained increasing attention in political science.

All workers need access to mentors that can provide them with valuable information about their job, their workplace, ____ the resources that are available within their organization.

Mentors also ____ much needed psychosocial support.

Having a diverse network of mentors is important ____ dominant and minority group members alike.

Minority group members need diverse ____ so that they can gain insight into what it means to be employed by a particular organization or in a particular field or profession.

Majority workers benefit by having a network of diverse mentors because it increases their understanding and sensitivity to the unique realities of diverse workers and their own identity, and perhaps even their own ____ of privilege.

The ultimate goal of these mentoring opportunities is to have individuals be more informed, identified, and engaged in their work and ____ their organization.

Traditionally, when teachers teach ____ they assign topics for students to write on; perhaps they do a bit of brainstorming about the topic during a pre-writing phase, and then have students write about the topic without interruption.

Subsequently, teachers collect and evaluate what ____ have written.

Such instruction is very 'product-oriented;' there is no involvement of ____ teacher in the act or 'process' of writing.

In process writing, on the other hand, students may initially brainstorm ideas about a topic and begin writing, but then they have repeated conferences with the teacher and the other students, ____ which they receive feedback on their writing up to that point, make revisions, based on the feedback they receive, and carry on writing.

In this way, students learn to view their writing as someone else's reading and to improve ____ the expression of meaning and the form of their writing as they draft and redraft.

Process writing shifts the emphasis in teaching writing from ____ to revision.

Perhaps at some point you have seen ____ mathematical writing and not understood it.

You would not be the first; rest assured, even professional mathematicians sometimes have to rely on discussions with colleagues to properly understand problems they are looking ____

But how do you recognise some ____ is mathematical in the first place?

The complicated notations that might spring to mind ─ all those strange dashes, squiggles and letters ─ are ____ signs, but a lot of those are really quite modern.

Mathematics ____ been going on for a long time before the dashes and squiggles were invented.

Put simply, there has to be something mathematical ____ on for us to say that it is mathematics.

And if we are dealing with writing from a very distant past, ____ a language that is not familiar to us, from a time even before recorded language, that can be sometimes difficult to recognise.

It is worth pointing out that ____ don't drop to the ground because they are dying ─ rather, the tree initiates an active process of clever recycling called senescence.

A tree, ____ an oak for example, would struggle to survive through a harsh winter if it retained its canopy of leaves.

It would risk damage from strong winter winds and would lose more water from its leaves than it could draw up from ____ frozen ground.

If ____ didn't blow over, it would die of thirst.

As winter approaches, the length of the day shortens, ____ temperature drops, and plants, including trees, can detect this change.

It signals to them that it is time to lose ____ leaves.

First, however, trees carefully suck all of ____ useful nutrients out of the leaves and then, with surgical precision, block up that pathway into the leaves.

That blocked pathway at the base of the leaf stem creates a weakness and, in the wind, the leaves snap ____ and fall to the ground.

____ use evidence in order to understand what happened and why it happened.

In architectural ____ this evidence may take the form of the buildings themselves or their remains, and documents such as plans, drawings, descriptions, diaries or bills.

Our picture of any period of history is derived from a multitude of sources, such as the paintings, ____ deeds, buildings and other artefacts that have survived.

The ____ of survival lies at the root of many of the historian's problems, for what has survived may not necessarily be more significant than what has not survived.

The Egyptian pyramids have survived thousands of years, but historical significance is ____ just a question of durability.

These buildings were part of a rich and ____ culture, much of which has been lost.

They are historical facts, but facts by themselves, even such massive facts as the pyramids, are just the first stage in ____ historical study, and until they have been evaluated, placed in context and interpreted, they tell us little.

Different historians may place different values on the same facts, and ____ discovery of new evidence may modify or change existing theories and interpretations.

In most fiction, characters' lives ____ limited to the individual work.

Readers may disagree on the characteristics and traits of fictional figures, ____ in drama there is room for different interpretations of characters.

However, it is less common for characters ____ literary fiction to reappear in subsequent works than in genre fiction, where series featuring the same central characters are common.

This is even more pronounced in comics, ____ are typically serialized in newspaper strips or comic books.

Thus characters introduced in the 1930s, like Superman and Batman, may still enjoy new adventures decades ____

During these characters' long histories, ____ change in various ways for a variety of reasons.

If a character is created by a single author, like Sherlock Holmes, the character's core traits may change little from story to story, but readers learn ____ about him with each successive story.

On the other hand, if characters are the work of several hands ____ decades, they may change considerably.

While characters in most literary fiction hardly ever feature in successive works, those in genre fiction and comics often ____ so, and may undergo transformation in their traits especially when written about by different authors over time.

While social presence has evolved through many iterations since its first development within the context of the landline telephone, the perception or feeling of being connected with the other person within the ____ of the conversation has persisted.

Some research has explored specific technologies and the ____ to which their characteristics lead to a feeling of social presence.

For example, some researchers have studied the "richness" of the media, or ____ number of cues available to convey social presence.

A telephone call, which provides for ____ cues and immediate feedback, is potentially richer than an email, which provides only textual cues and no immediate feedback.

Videoconferencing would be considered richer than the phone because of the addition of visual ____ making it closer to replicating a perceived gold standard of face-to-face, in-person social presence.

____ have suggested that successful managers would choose rich media for confusing or ambiguous messages and lean or less rich media for messages that were more routine in nature.

For example, if you wanted to discuss a complicated ____ agreement, it would be best to choose a face-to-face meeting.

In contrast, if you were going to inform your team about a change in meeting time from 3:00 to ____ you might send out a generic email to everyone.

These different channels of communication were considered by researchers as a type of container that the message comes ____

To be a good communicator, you need to choose ____ right container.