2024년 6월 고2 모의고사 변형 (31-42번)

We collect stamps, coins, vintage cars ____ when they serve no practical purpose.

The post office doesn't accept the old ____, the banks don't take old coins, and the vintage cars are no longer allowed on the road.

These are all side issues; the attraction is that they are in short ____.

In one study, students were asked to arrange ten posters in order of attractiveness ― with the agreement that afterward they ____ keep one poster as a reward for their participation.

Five ____ later, they were told that the poster with the third highest rating was no longer available.

Then they were asked to judge ____ ten from scratch.

The poster that was no ____ available was suddenly classified as the most beautiful.

In psychology, this phenomenon is called reactance: when we are ____ of an option, we suddenly deem it more attractive.

If ____ invested in something that hasn't repaid us ― be it money in a failing venture, or time in an unhappy relationship ― we find it very difficult to walk away.

This is the ____ cost fallacy.

Our instinct is to continue investing money or time as we ____ that our investment will prove to be worthwhile in the end.

Giving up would mean acknowledging that we've wasted something we ____ get back, and that thought is so painful that we prefer to avoid it if we can.

The problem, of course, is that if something really is a bad bet, then staying with it simply ____ the amount we lose.

Rather than walk away ____ a bad five-year relationship, for example, we turn it into a bad 10-year relationship; rather than accept that we've lost a thousand dollars, we lay down another thousand and lose that too.

In the end, by delaying the pain of admitting our ____, we only add to it.

Sometimes we ____ have to cut our losses.

On our little world, light travels, for all ____ purposes, instantaneously.

If a lightbulb is glowing, then of course it's ____ where we see it, shining away.

We reach out our hand and ____ it: It's there all right, and unpleasantly hot.

If the filament fails, then the ____ goes out.

We don't see it in the same place, glowing, illuminating the room years ____ the bulb breaks and it's removed from its socket.

The very notion ____ nonsensical.

But if we're far enough away, an entire sun can go out and we'll continue to see it shining brightly; we won't learn of its death, it may be, for ages to come ― in fact, for how long it ____ light, which travels fast but not infinitely fast, to cross the intervening vastness.

The immense distances to the stars and the ____ mean that we see everything in space in the past.

Financial markets do more than take capital ____ the rich and lend it to everyone else.

They enable each of us to smooth consumption over our ____, which is a fancy way of saying that we don't have to spend income at the same time we earn it.

Shakespeare ____ have admonished us to be neither borrowers nor lenders; the fact is that most of us will be both at some point.

If we lived in an agrarian society, we would have to eat our crops reasonably soon ____ the harvest or find some way to store them.

Financial markets are a ____ sophisticated way of managing the harvest.

We can spend income now that we have not yet earned ― as by borrowing for college or a home ― or we ____ earn income now and spend it later, as by saving for retirement.

The important point is that earning income has been divorced from spending it, allowing us ____ more flexibility in life.

As the old joke ____: "Software, free. User manual, $10,000."

But it's no joke. A couple of high-profile companies make their living selling instruction and paid support for free ____.

The ____ of code, being mere bits, is free.

The lines of free code become valuable to you ____ through support and guidance.

A ____ of medical and genetic information will go this route in the coming decades.

Right now getting a full copy of all your DNA is very expensive ($10,000), but ____ it won't be.

The price is dropping so fast, it will be $100 soon, and then the next year insurance companies will offer to sequence you for ____.

When a copy of your sequence costs nothing, the ____ of what it means, what you can do about it, and how to use it ― the manual for your genes ― will be expensive.

Brains are expensive in ____ of energy.

Twenty ____ of the calories we consume are used to power the brain.

So brains try to operate in the most energy-efficient way possible, and that means processing only the minimum amount of information ____ our senses that we need to navigate the world.

Neuroscientists weren't the first to discover that fixing your gaze on something is no guarantee of ____ it.

Magicians figured this out ____ ago.

By directing your attention, they perform ____ with their hands in full view.

Their actions should give away the game, but they can rest assured that your brain processes only small bits of the ____ scene.

This all helps to ____ the prevalence of traffic accidents in which drivers hit pedestrians in plain view, or collide with cars directly in front of them.

In many of these cases, the ____ are pointed in the right direction, but the brain isn't seeing what's really out there.

____ a television is current consumption.

It makes us happy ____ but does nothing to make us richer tomorrow.

____, money spent on a television keeps workers employed at the television factory.

But if the same money were invested, it would create jobs somewhere else, say for scientists in a laboratory or ____ on a construction site, while also making us richer in the long run.

Think ____ college as an example.

____ students to college creates jobs for professors.

Using the same money to buy fancy sports ____ for high school graduates would create jobs for auto workers.

The crucial difference between these scenarios is that a college education makes a young person more productive for the ____ of his or her life; a sports car does not.

Thus, college tuition is an investment; ____ a sports car is consumption.

The Net differs from most of the ____ media it replaces in an obvious and very important way: it's bidirectional.

We can send messages through the ____ as well as receive them, which has made the system all the more useful.

The ability to exchange information online, to upload as well as download, has turned the Net into a thoroughfare for business and ____.

With a few clicks, people ____ search virtual catalogues, place orders, track shipments, and update information in corporate databases.

But the ____ doesn't just connect us with businesses; it connects us with one another.

____ a personal broadcasting medium as well as a commercial one.

Millions of people use it to distribute their own digital creations, in the form of blogs, videos, photos, songs, and podcasts, as well as to critique, edit, or otherwise modify the creations of ____.

Imagine that seven out of ten working Americans got fired ____.

What ____ they all do?

It's hard to believe you'd have an economy at all if you gave ____ slips to more than half the labor force.

But that is ____ the industrial revolution did to the workforce of the early 19th century.

Two hundred years ago, 70 percent of American workers ____ on the farm.

Today automation has eliminated all but 1 percent of their jobs, replacing ____ with machines.

But the ____ workers did not sit idle.

Instead, automation created hundreds of millions of jobs in ____ new fields.

Those who once farmed were now manning the factories that manufactured farm equipment, cars, and ____ industrial products.

Since then, ____ upon wave of new occupations have arrived ─ appliance repair person, food chemist, photographer, web designer ─ each building on previous automation.

Today, the ____ majority of us are doing jobs that no farmer from the 1800s could have imagined.

____ things spark envy: ownership, status, health, youth, talent, popularity, beauty.

It is often confused with ____ because the physical reactions are identical.

The difference: the subject of envy is a ____ (status, money, health etc.).

The subject of jealousy is the ____ of a third person.

Envy needs ____ people.

Jealousy, on the other ____, requires three:

____ is jealous of Sam because the beautiful girl next door rings him instead.

Paradoxically, with envy we direct resentments ____ those who are most similar to us in age, career and residence.

We don't envy businesspeople ____ the century before last.

We don't envy millionaires on the ____ side of the globe.

As a writer, I don't ____ musicians, managers or dentists, but other writers.

As a CEO you envy other, bigger ____.

As a supermodel you envy more successful ____.

____ knew this: 'Potters envy potters.'

Jealousy ____ three parties, focusing on the actions of a third person, whereas envy involves two individuals whose personal circumstances are most alike, with one person resenting the other.

We ____ biases that support our biases!

If we're partial to one option ― perhaps because it's more memorable, or framed to minimize loss, or seemingly consistent with a promising pattern ― we tend to search for information that ____ justify choosing that option.

On the one hand, ____ sensible to make choices that we can defend with data and a list of reasons.

On the other hand, if we're not careful, we're likely to ____ an imbalanced analysis, falling prey to a cluster of errors collectively known as "confirmation biases."

For example, nearly all companies include classic "tell me about yourself" job interviews as part of the ____ process, and many rely on these interviews alone to evaluate applicants.

But it turns out that traditional interviews are actually one of the ____ useful tools for predicting an employee's future success.

This is because interviewers often subconsciously make up their minds about interviewees based on their first ____ moments of interaction and spend the rest of the interview cherry-picking evidence and phrasing their questions to confirm that initial impression:

I see here you left a good position at your previous job. You must be pretty ambitious, right? versus "You must not have been very committed, ____?"

This means that interviewers can be prone to ignoring significant information that would ____ indicate whether this candidate was actually the best person to hire.

More structured approaches, like obtaining samples of a candidate's work or asking how he would respond to difficult hypothetical situations, are dramatically better at assessing future success, with a ____ threefold advantage over traditional interviews.