2024년 10월 고3 모의고사 변형 (31-42번)

After we make some amount of scientific and technological progress, does further progress get ____ or harder?

Intuitively, it seems like it could go either way because there are two ____ effects.

On the one hand, we "stand on the shoulders of giants": previous discoveries can make future ____ easier.

On the other hand, we "pick the low-hanging fruit": we make the easy discoveries first, so those that remain ____ more difficult.

You can only invent the wheel once, and once you have, it's harder to ____ a similarly important invention.

Though both of these effects are important, when we look at the data it's the latter ____ that predominates.

Overall, ____ progress makes future progress harder.

It's easy to see this qualitatively by looking at the ____ of innovation.

Consider physics. In 1905, his "miracle year," Albert Einstein revolutionized physics, describing ____ photoelectric effect, Brownian motion, the theory of special relativity, and his famous equation, E=mc².

He was twenty-six at ____ time and did all this while working as a patent clerk.

Compared to Einstein's day, progress in physics is now much ____ to achieve.

Behavior is, for ____ most part, a product of genes and brain neuropathways.

____ the elegant chemistry at work when living organisms move, think, behave, and act.

Certainly, the environment is a factor ____ because it can influence how we act.

____ analogy would illustrate this adequately.

Think of the environment as gasoline, and our body as ____ engine.

Truly, the engine does not run without the gasoline, but all the intricate parts of the engine are ____ product of physical architecture, designed and assembled for a reactive purpose long before the gasoline is injected.

Inject more gas and the engine accelerates, less, and it ____

The same is ____ for an organism. Behavior is a response to the environment.

We have 'free will,' but the ultimate characteristic of that response can only act with respect to the architecture ____ our genes and our brain.

In other words, ____ environment can, effectively, accelerate or slow down a potential behavior, but the engine for that behavior is already built and functional; therefore, the environment is but a catalyst.

The social-cognitive revolution at 1 year of age sets the stage ____ infants' second year of life, in which they begin to imitatively learn the use of all kinds of tools, artifacts, and symbols.

For example, in a study by Meltzoff (1988), 14-month-old children observed an adult bend at the waist and touch its head to ____ panel, thus turning on a light.

____ followed suit.

Infants engaged in this somewhat unusual and awkward behavior, even though it would have ____ easier and more natural for them simply to push the panel with their hand.

One interpretation of ____ behavior is that infants understood that the adult had the goal of illuminating the light and then chose one means for doing so, from among other possible means, and if they had the same goal, they could choose the same means.

Similarly, Carpenter et al. (1998) found that 16-month-old infants will imitatively learn from a complex behavioral sequence only those behaviors that appear ____ ignoring those that appear accidental.

Young children do not ____ imitate the limb movements of other persons, they attempt to reproduce other persons' intended actions in the world.

It is important to remember that to achieve acceptance and use of new technologies | systems, the personal importance to the users has to be valued more highly than the degree ____ innovation.

However, ____ and political goals are often confused with the driver's personal goals.

Societal goals and individual goals do not ____ coincide.

For example, the policy goal behind ISA (Intelligent Speed Adaptation; a system which warns the ____ when they exceed the speed limit, and may even prevent them from doing so) could be to increase traffic safety or to increase speed limit compliance.

____ goals might not be relevant to some drivers, for example, due to their feeling that safety measures are redundant because of their own personal driving skills or because speeding is not seen as a 'real crime.'

Nevertheless, they might find that the system helps them to avoid speeding tickets or they want to use the system simply because they have a general interest in ____ systems.

From infancy, even before we learn to speak, we absorb how to infer ____ emotions from their behaviors.

As we grow older, however, this capacity can ____

We start to pay increasing attention to what people say rather than what they ____ to the point where we can fail to notice nonlinguistic clues.

Spoken language is so information rich that it lulls us into ____ hints that someone might be, say, upset and instead focus on their words when they say, It's nothing. I feel fine.

Some people, however, have a talent for detecting ____ even when they're unspoken.

We all know people like this: Friends who seem to intuit when we're feeling down, even if we haven't said anything; managers who sense when a kind word is needed to help ____ get over the hump at work.

It's natural to assume these people are unusually ____ or uncommonly sensitive.

Sometimes they are. But years of research ____ this is a skill anyone can develop.

We can ____ to identify the nonverbal clues that indicate someone's true emotions and use these hints to understand what they are feeling.

Some epistemic feelings let us know that we ____

These include the feeling of knowing, the feeling ____ certainty, and the feeling of correctness.

For example, you feel sure that "1666" is the answer to the question, "When ____ the Great Fire of London occur?"

Feeling ____ you know, even that you are sure, is not unfailing.

We can ____ mistaken in those feelings.

Other epistemic feelings alert our attention ____ what we do not yet know.

____ awe, and wonder fall into this category.

As with the feelings of knowing, ____ can ask whether feelings of not-yet-knowing are necessarily right.

It does seem ____ if you wonder at something, there is something that prompted you to wonder.

This feeling alerts you to the fact that your current body of knowledge ─ the schemas, heuristics, and other information you use ─ did not prepare ____ for the thing you wonder at.

____ such, wonder is a useful emotion, because it points to gaps in what you thought you knew.

____ often plays tricks.

____ to Mlodinow, we give "unwarranted importance to memories that are the most vivid and hence most available for retrieval ─ our memory makes it easy to remember the events that are unusual and striking not the many events that are normal and dull."

The self-serving bias works because, as ____ observes, "There are also many processes of memory that can be biased to produce welcome results. Memories are continually distorting in self-serving ways."

A recent study ____ that several forms of cognitive bias cause distortions in storing and retrieving memories.

This, in turn, has a bearing on theories of agenda setting, priming, and framing, which argue that how people respond to the news is strongly influenced by what is most easily and readily accessible from their ____

But what if memories about news stories ____ faulty and distort, forget, or invent what was actually reported?

In such cases, it may be the manipulation of memories in ____ minds that primes, frames, and sets the agenda, not the original news stories.

One way to catch a fly ball is to solve all the differential equations governing the ball's trajectory as well as your own movements ____ at the same time reposition your body based on those solutions.

Unfortunately, you don't have a differential equation-solving device in your brain, so instead you solve a ____ problem: how to place the glove most effectively between the ball and your body.

____ cerebellum assumes that your hand and the ball should appear in similar relative positions for each catch.

So, if the ball is dropping too fast and your hand appears to be going too slowly, it will direct your hand to move more quickly to match ____ familiar relative position.

These simple actions ____ the cerebellum to map sensory inputs onto muscle movements enable us to catch the ball without solving any differential equations.

We are also able to use the cerebellum to ____ what our actions would be even if we don't actually take them.

Your cerebellum might tell you ____ you could catch the ball but you're likely to crash into another player, so maybe you should not take this action.

Philosophical interest in poetry has been dominated ____ the question of whether poetry can aid philosophical thought and promote philosophical inquiry.

This focus reflects ____ tradition of philosophers like Pope and Rumi presenting their philosophical work in verse.

In addition, poets like William ____ and T. S. Eliot have been celebrated as poet-philosophers, with their work valued as the product of philosophy through poetry.

However, arguments against poetry having a role to play in philosophical inquiry have tended to focus on poetry's (negative) relationship to truth (or, ____ John Koethe puts it, poetry's indifference to truth).

Although we may accept works of poetry as having philosophical ____ this does not amount to doing philosophy through poetry.

One ____ argument hinges on the non-paraphrasability of poetry and form-content unity.

The thought goes, if ____ is to play a role in philosophy, then it needs to be paraphrasable (that is, its content must be separable from its form).

The assumption is that paraphrase is a mark of understanding and indicates that some proposition has a fixed meaning and that only a proposition with a fixed meaning can be evaluated ____ terms of truth or falsity.

Poetry resists paraphrase: to change ____ words is to change the poem.

Vocal sounds produced by parrots, regardless of the fact that they may be audibly indistinguishable from spoken ____ and regardless of the fact that someone or some group of people may take them to be words, are not words.

____ are not given a semantic dimension by physical similitude to spoken words.

Nor can the "talk" of a parrot be given a semantic dimension by being taken to be a set of ____ acts.

In like manner, weather etchings on a stone or shapes in the clouds, regardless of how physically similar they may be to ____ words or drawings of objects and regardless of what they are taken to be by observers, are not words or pictures.

They do ____ have the appropriate etiology and they have no inherent semantic content or object.

They are simply physical objects that resemble ____ other things.

For observers, they may call ____ mind the things they resemble.

In this regard, they may function ____ natural signs by virtue of the physical resemblance, but they have no semantic content about which one could be right or wrong.

If people take A to be a sign of B by virtue of some ____ relation that holds, or is believed to hold, between A and B, A is a sign of B.

But words, pictures, and images ____ not that way.

They contain a ____ content to be understood.