2024년 10월 고3 모의고사 변형 (31-42번)

After we make some amount of scientific and ____ progress, does further progress get easier or harder?

Intuitively, it seems like it could go either way because there are two competing ____.

On the one hand, we "stand on the shoulders of giants": previous discoveries can make future progress ____.

On the other ____, we "pick the low-hanging fruit": we make the easy discoveries first, so those that remain are more difficult.

You can only ____ the wheel once, and once you have, it's harder to find a similarly important invention.

Though both of these effects are important, when we look at the data it's the latter ____ that predominates.

Overall, past progress makes ____ progress harder.

It's ____ to see this qualitatively by looking at the history of innovation.

Consider physics. In 1905, his "____ year," Albert Einstein revolutionized physics, describing the photoelectric effect, Brownian motion, the theory of special relativity, and his famous equation, E=mc².

He was ____ at the time and did all this while working as a patent clerk.

Compared to Einstein's day, progress in physics is now much harder to ____.

Behavior is, for the most part, a product of ____ and brain neuropathways.

Consider the elegant chemistry at work when ____ organisms move, think, behave, and act.

Certainly, the environment is a factor here because it can influence ____ we act.

An analogy would ____ this adequately.

Think of the environment as gasoline, and our ____ as the engine.

Truly, the engine does not run without the gasoline, but all the intricate parts of the engine are the product of ____ architecture, designed and assembled for a reactive purpose long before the gasoline is injected.

Inject ____ gas and the engine accelerates, less, and it slows.

The ____ is true for an organism. Behavior is a response to the environment.

We have 'free will,' but the ultimate characteristic of that response can only act with ____ to the architecture of our genes and our brain.

In other words, the environment can, effectively, accelerate or slow down a potential behavior, but the engine for that behavior is already built and functional; ____, the environment is but a catalyst.

The social-cognitive revolution at 1 year of age sets the stage for ____' second year of life, in which they begin to imitatively learn the use of all kinds of tools, artifacts, and symbols.

For example, in a study by Meltzoff (1988), 14-month-old children observed an adult bend at the waist and ____ its head to a panel, thus turning on a light.

They followed ____.

Infants engaged in this somewhat unusual and awkward behavior, even though it would have been easier and more natural for them ____ to push the panel with their hand.

One interpretation of this behavior is that infants understood that the adult had the goal of illuminating the light and then ____ one means for doing so, from among other possible means, and if they had the same goal, they could choose the same means.

Similarly, Carpenter et al. (1998) found that 16-month-old infants will imitatively learn from a complex behavioral sequence only those behaviors that appear ____, ignoring those that appear accidental.

Young children do not just imitate the limb movements of other persons, they attempt to reproduce other persons' intended ____ in the world.

It is important to remember that to achieve acceptance and use of new technologies | systems, the personal importance to the users has to be valued ____ highly than the degree of innovation.

____, policies and political goals are often confused with the driver's personal goals.

Societal goals and ____ goals do not necessarily coincide.

For example, the policy goal behind ISA (Intelligent Speed Adaptation; a system which warns the drivers when they exceed the speed limit, and ____ even prevent them from doing so) could be to increase traffic safety or to increase speed limit compliance.

These goals might not be relevant to some drivers, for example, due to their feeling that safety measures are redundant because of their own personal driving skills or because speeding is not seen as a 'real ____.'

Nevertheless, they might find that the system helps them to avoid speeding tickets or they want to use the system simply because they have a general interest in innovative ____.

From infancy, even before we learn to speak, we absorb how to infer ____ emotions from their behaviors.

As we grow ____, however, this capacity can atrophy.

We start to pay increasing attention to what ____ say rather than what they do, to the point where we can fail to notice nonlinguistic clues.

Spoken language is so information rich that it lulls us into ignoring hints that someone might be, say, upset and instead focus on their words ____ they say, It's nothing. I feel fine.

Some people, however, have a talent for detecting emotions, even when ____ unspoken.

We all know people like this: Friends who seem to intuit when we're feeling down, even if we haven't said anything; managers who sense when a kind word is needed to help us get over the hump at ____.

It's natural to ____ these people are unusually observant, or uncommonly sensitive.

Sometimes they are. But years of research ____ this is a skill anyone can develop.

We can learn to identify the nonverbal clues that indicate someone's ____ emotions and use these hints to understand what they are feeling.

____ epistemic feelings let us know that we know.

These include the feeling of knowing, the feeling of certainty, and the ____ of correctness.

For example, you feel sure that "____" is the answer to the question, "When did the Great Fire of London occur?"

Feeling that you know, even that you are sure, is ____ unfailing.

We ____ be mistaken in those feelings.

Other epistemic feelings alert our ____ to what we do not yet know.

Curiosity, awe, and wonder ____ into this category.

As with the feelings of knowing, we can ____ whether feelings of not-yet-knowing are necessarily right.

It does ____ that if you wonder at something, there is something that prompted you to wonder.

This feeling ____ you to the fact that your current body of knowledge ─ the schemas, heuristics, and other information you use ─ did not prepare you for the thing you wonder at.

As such, wonder is a useful emotion, because it points to gaps in what you thought you ____.

____ often plays tricks.

According to Mlodinow, we give "unwarranted importance to memories that are the most vivid and hence most ____ for retrieval ─ our memory makes it easy to remember the events that are unusual and striking not the many events that are normal and dull."

The self-serving bias works because, as Trivers ____, "There are also many processes of memory that can be biased to produce welcome results. Memories are continually distorting in self-serving ways."

A recent study argues that several forms of cognitive ____ cause distortions in storing and retrieving memories.

This, in turn, has a bearing on theories of ____ setting, priming, and framing, which argue that how people respond to the news is strongly influenced by what is most easily and readily accessible from their memories.

But what if ____ about news stories are faulty and distort, forget, or invent what was actually reported?

In such cases, it ____ be the manipulation of memories in individual minds that primes, frames, and sets the agenda, not the original news stories.

One way to catch a fly ball is to solve all the differential equations governing the ball's trajectory as well as your own movements and at the same time reposition your ____ based on those solutions.

Unfortunately, you don't have a differential equation-solving device in your brain, so instead you solve a simpler problem: ____ to place the glove most effectively between the ball and your body.

The cerebellum assumes that your hand and the ball should appear in similar ____ positions for each catch.

So, if the ball is dropping too fast and your hand appears to be going too slowly, it will direct your hand to move ____ quickly to match the familiar relative position.

These simple actions by the cerebellum to map ____ inputs onto muscle movements enable us to catch the ball without solving any differential equations.

We are also ____ to use the cerebellum to anticipate what our actions would be even if we don't actually take them.

Your cerebellum might tell you that you could catch the ball but you're likely to crash into ____ player, so maybe you should not take this action.

Philosophical interest in poetry has been dominated by the question of whether ____ can aid philosophical thought and promote philosophical inquiry.

This focus reflects a ____ of philosophers like Pope and Rumi presenting their philosophical work in verse.

In addition, poets like William Wordsworth and T. S. Eliot have been celebrated as poet-philosophers, with their work valued as the product of philosophy through ____.

However, arguments against poetry having a role to play in philosophical ____ have tended to focus on poetry's (negative) relationship to truth (or, as John Koethe puts it, poetry's indifference to truth).

Although we may accept works of poetry as having philosophical themes, this ____ not amount to doing philosophy through poetry.

One such argument hinges on the non-paraphrasability of poetry and form-content ____.

The thought goes, if poetry is to play a role in philosophy, then it needs to be paraphrasable (that is, its content must be ____ from its form).

The assumption is that paraphrase is a mark of understanding and indicates that some proposition has a fixed meaning and that only a proposition with a fixed ____ can be evaluated in terms of truth or falsity.

____ resists paraphrase: to change the words is to change the poem.

Vocal sounds produced by parrots, regardless of the fact that they may be audibly indistinguishable from spoken ____ and regardless of the fact that someone or some group of people may take them to be words, are not words.

They are not given a semantic dimension by physical similitude to ____ words.

Nor can the "talk" of a parrot be given a semantic dimension by being taken to be a ____ of linguistic acts.

In like manner, weather etchings on a stone or shapes in the clouds, regardless of how ____ similar they may be to written words or drawings of objects and regardless of what they are taken to be by observers, are not words or pictures.

They do not have the appropriate etiology and they have no inherent ____ content or object.

They are simply physical objects that resemble certain ____ things.

For observers, they may call to mind the things they ____.

In this regard, they may function as natural signs by virtue of the physical resemblance, but they have no semantic content about which one could be right or ____.

If people take A to be a sign of B by virtue of some nonsemantic relation that holds, or is believed to hold, ____ A and B, A is a sign of B.

But words, pictures, and images are ____ that way.

They contain a semantic ____ to be understood.