2025년 5월 고3 모의고사 변형 (31-42번)

According to ____ Habermas, the public sphere is 'the sphere of private people come together as a public'.

Habermas's basic praise of the private sphere ____ that of the ancients.

It is not a realm of mere ____; it harbours its own universals.

It is in fact equal in ____ to the public sphere.

As Habermas explains, 'the public sphere has a complementary relation to this private sphere, from which the public, as the ____ of the public sphere, is recruited'.

Habermas pictures the private sphere as the ____ room in which people develop the consciousness that enables them to step out in public.

This involves self-confidence, critical ____, opinion- and will-formation, and so on.

It is in the private sphere, especially the privacy of ____ own home, that one is able to find one's very identity, to achieve existential meaning and a personal conception of the good.

It is the lifeworld out of which the public sphere is generated, enabling defects in the economic and political systems to be ____.

Privacy thus qualifies persons for the ____ sphere, for rational-critical interaction in street meetings or on social media.

There is a view of culture that rejects the idea that ____ can be owned.

This view is exemplified by ____, the Chinese traveler who went to India and brought back Buddhist manuscripts.

It was embraced by Arab and Persian scholars who translated Greek ____.

It was practiced by countless ____, teachers, and artists who found inspiration far outside their local culture.

Culture, for these figures, is made not only from the resources of one community but also ____ encounters with other cultures.

It is crafted not ____ from the lived experience of individuals but also from borrowed forms and ideas that help individuals understand and articulate their experience in new ways.

When seen through the lens of culture as ____, these figures might appear to be unwelcome visitors, appropriators, even thieves.

But they pursued their work with humility and dedication because they understood instinctively that culture evolves through circulation; they knew that false ideas of property and ownership impose limits and constraints, leading to ____ forms of expression.

An expense that ____ the honesty of a signal is its potential reputational cost.

For example, a signal might be considered costly when there's a ____ risk that a dishonest signaller will receive a penalty as a result.

The ____ powerful signals in nature aren't directed one-to-one.

The brightly coloured poison frog and the impressive tail of the peacock are for all to ____.

The more ____ of a signal, the higher the risk is for a dishonest signaller.

Interestingly, the arrival of digital communications (specifically targeted ads online), is limiting this ____ risk, theoretically reducing the impact of a communicator's signal.

____ Don Marti hypothesises that, in communications, "targeting breaks signalling."

This means that when you see an advertisement that's targeting you alone, ____ more like a cold call than a public message.

It doesn't carry the same credible information about the seller's intentions because it's free of ____ cost.

It's maybe no surprise that deceptive sellers have far more ____ online than through more public communication channels.

To build trust, often it's not just about seeing the message, it's ____ that other people have seen it too.

When someone recounts their story of some tragedy, the ____ responds with 'I feel for you. That happened to me.'

Through identification, the object of the emotional response shifts from the other ____ to oneself.

Such identification fails to count as empathy since it is not a genuine instance of sharing in the emotional response of the other (with temporarily activated concern for the ____) but is a simple projection of the self onto the other.

It is merely one's ____ ─ imagined or remembered ─ emotional response.

To put this in other words, there is a forgetting that it is not you but the ____ who is in the situation.

What happens in the case of empathy is an attempt to appreciate a situation from another's ____ of view without losing sight of this being experienced by the other.

In other words, we attempt to consider what it is to experience such circumstances with a particular ____ of beliefs and desires that we take the other to hold (which may or may not overlap with our own).

Almost all life shows a 24-hour pattern of activity and rest, even ____.

It seems very likely that this rhythm evolved as a result of living on a ____ that rotates once every 24 hours and that the resultant changes in light, temperature and food availability forced an adaptive evolutionary response.

Diurnal and nocturnal species have evolved numerous specializations that have allowed them to ____ best under the different conditions of light or dark, but, critically, not both.

Life seems to have made an evolutionary 'decision' to be active at a specific part of the day|night ____, and, as a result, those species that are specialized to be active during the day will not be particularly effective at night.

In the same way, nocturnal animals that are perfectly adapted to move around and hunt under dim or no light fail miserably ____ the day.

The struggle for existence has forced species to become specialists and not generalists, and no species can operate with the same effectiveness ____ the 24-hour light|dark environment.

Flowering plants and bees are ____ strict mutualists.

Flowering plants don't want to give up all their precious pollen to ____ pollinators or even to generally dependable pollinating bees.

A small fraction of a flower's pollen grains must make their way to other ____ to ultimately produce seeds and foster new generations of plants.

____, on the other hand, would like to collect all the pollen and not give any of it up.

This difference leads to ____ in the system.

Some nectar-robbing bees cut slits or holes at the ____ of tube-shaped flowers and never deposit pollen on stigmas.

They are ____.

Orchids and a few other flowering plants offer no ____ to bee pollinators.

Instead, they deceive male bees into ____ a particular orchid flower is a receptive, ready, and waiting female of their species to make them pollinate.

Why not? They produce the same chemical scents and even ____ of look like those female bees.

The bond of friendship may ____ a problem known as the banker's paradox.

When you are facing financial ruin and most need a loan, the bank is unlikely to grant ____ one as you represent a terrible credit risk.

On the other ____, when things are going well the bank is only too happy to offer you funds.

This same dynamic would ____ have posed a deep problem for reciprocal altruism in the world of our ancestors.

Individuals may be least likely to receive ____ when they most need it, because they are least able to reciprocate.

Why would a non-relative come to your aid, with a greatly ____ chance of being paid back the favour?

The evolution of ____ provides a solution to the dilemma.

The oxytocin-mediated bond between friends makes them ____ to each other.

So if a friend falls seriously ill, rather than abandoning them to find someone else with ____ to engage in reciprocal altruism, you have an emotional stake in their well-being that compels you to help them pull through.

Friendship ____ have developed in human evolution as a form of insurance.

For ____ of history science was secretive, obscure and often considered indistinguishable from magic.

____ science by contrast combines observation, interpretation and action in forms that collectivize the knowledge gained and institutionalizes them in labs, centres, disciplines, funds and stored memories.

As a collective, science polices itself, as happened in 2018 when a Chinese scientist, He Jiankui, announced the birth of twin girls with edited genomes, and was met with a ____ of disapproval.

This ____ and collective nature was understood early in the history of modern science.

Joseph Glanvill was one of its first theorists, arguing in the 1660s that 'free and ingenious exchange of the reasons of our particular sentiments' is the best ____ of discovering truth and improving knowledge.

Yet this, the increasingly collective nature of science, is often missed in stories of individual genius, whether ____ sitting under an apple tree or Einstein writing at night after his job.

But the more we know, the more collective science looks, ____ on networks of collaborators, supporters and colleagues.

Social scientists find it harder to agree ____ do natural scientists.

Researchers at the leading edge of physics, for example, may argue fiercely, but there is sufficient consensus among the discipline's scholars for an introductory physics textbook to state with authority the basic knowledge that is ____ by the field.

In contrast, introductory social science texts often describe their subjects as a ____ of competing perspectives.

There are benefits to stressing ____ divides us.

By taking specific ____ to their logical conclusions, we can readily perceive the arguments that need to be resolved if we are to explain this or that aspect of the social world.

Like politicians in elections, advocates of particular schools try to put 'clear ____ water' between themselves and their rivals.

But, like politicians in power, when the same advocates ____ round to doing sociology (rather than just advertising their brand of it) they tend to fall back to a common middle ground.

In one revealing series of studies, researchers from the Julius-Maximilians University of ____, Germany, enrolled test subjects in a well-known experiment called "die under the cup."

In the experiment, participants make a series of die rolls under a cup, the results of ____ only they can see, and then report their results anonymously.

____ were told they would earn money depending on the outcome of their rolls, with higher rolls rewarded more favorably.

To ensure appropriate conditions, the ____ varied the time participants had to report their results.

In the first ____, they asked participants to report their results immediately.

In the second, they were instructed to do so after a ____ delay.

The results were clear, supporting what many researchers have long suspected: the results reported immediately were more honest ____ those reported after a delay, suggesting that honesty is a more instinctive response and showing that dishonesty takes greater cognitive effort.

In one experiment, the subjects were more likely to produce untruthful responses when they were given a delay to respond, which ____ that honesty is a response that is made spontaneously.

Our ability to simulate the ____ ─ which gives Present You a chance to walk in Future You's shoes ─ provides human brains with a huge evolutionary advantage, but it also has some limitations.

For one, the simulations don't predict emotional ____ well.

We imagine it's scary skydiving, but it's definitely scarier once a 200-pound man strapped to your back slowly pushes your ____ to the edge.

Jumping out of a plane is just an idea that's somewhat disconnected from reality until ____ actually happening.

In the same way, what Future You will be thinking and feeling is just an ____ idea until Future You becomes Present You.

When we make a decision to put something off, we can simulate what the consequences of that decision will be - we'll ____ less time to work on something, people might get frustrated with us, and we might run into unexpected problems.

But the ____ of what our procrastination will feel like is usually more charitable than the reality ─ we underestimate the stress it will cause, the guilt we'll feel for continuing the pattern, or the disappointment that will stem from a missed opportunity.

So, even the best human simulators have ____.

____' simulators are weak in general, and they struggle to consider the consequences of their choices.

They're more concerned about what they're doing and how they're feeling in this moment and less ____ about the future.

As a result, they keep prioritizing what they want right now over what they'll need in the ____.