2025년 5월 고3 모의고사 변형 (31-42번)

According to philosopher Habermas, the public sphere is 'the sphere of private ____ come together as a public'.

Habermas's basic praise of the ____ sphere contradicts that of the ancients.

It is not a realm of mere particularity; it harbours its ____ universals.

It is in fact ____ in value to the public sphere.

As Habermas explains, 'the public sphere has a complementary relation to this ____ sphere, from which the public, as the bearers of the public sphere, is recruited'.

Habermas pictures the private ____ as the waiting room in which people develop the consciousness that enables them to step out in public.

This involves self-confidence, ____ faculties, opinion- and will-formation, and so on.

It is in the private sphere, especially the privacy of one's own home, that one is able to ____ one's very identity, to achieve existential meaning and a personal conception of the good.

It is the ____ out of which the public sphere is generated, enabling defects in the economic and political systems to be confronted.

Privacy thus qualifies persons for the public sphere, for rational-critical interaction in street meetings or on social ____.

There is a view of culture that rejects the ____ that culture can be owned.

This view is exemplified by Xuanzang, the Chinese ____ who went to India and brought back Buddhist manuscripts.

It was embraced by Arab and Persian ____ who translated Greek philosophy.

It was practiced by countless scribes, teachers, and ____ who found inspiration far outside their local culture.

Culture, for these figures, is made not only from the ____ of one community but also from encounters with other cultures.

It is crafted not only from the lived experience of individuals but also from borrowed forms and ideas that help ____ understand and articulate their experience in new ways.

When seen through the lens of culture as property, ____ figures might appear to be unwelcome visitors, appropriators, even thieves.

But they pursued their work with humility and dedication because they understood instinctively that ____ evolves through circulation; they knew that false ideas of property and ownership impose limits and constraints, leading to impoverished forms of expression.

An expense that ____ the honesty of a signal is its potential reputational cost.

For example, a signal might be considered costly when ____ a greater risk that a dishonest signaller will receive a penalty as a result.

The most powerful ____ in nature aren't directed one-to-one.

The brightly coloured poison frog and the impressive ____ of the peacock are for all to see.

The more witnesses of a signal, the higher the risk is for a dishonest ____.

Interestingly, the arrival of digital communications (specifically targeted ads online), is limiting this reputational risk, theoretically reducing the impact of a ____ signal.

Writer Don Marti hypothesises that, in ____, "targeting breaks signalling."

This means that when you see an advertisement that's ____ you alone, it's more like a cold call than a public message.

It ____ carry the same credible information about the seller's intentions because it's free of reputational cost.

It's maybe no surprise that ____ sellers have far more success online than through more public communication channels.

To build trust, ____ it's not just about seeing the message, it's knowing that other people have seen it too.

When someone recounts their story of some tragedy, the ____ responds with 'I feel for you. That happened to me.'

Through identification, the object of the emotional ____ shifts from the other person to oneself.

Such identification fails to count as empathy since it is not a ____ instance of sharing in the emotional response of the other (with temporarily activated concern for the other) but is a simple projection of the self onto the other.

It is merely one's own ─ imagined or remembered ─ ____ response.

To put this in ____ words, there is a forgetting that it is not you but the other who is in the situation.

What happens in the case of empathy is an attempt to appreciate a ____ from another's point of view without losing sight of this being experienced by the other.

In other words, we attempt to consider what it is to experience such circumstances with a particular ____ of beliefs and desires that we take the other to hold (which may or may not overlap with our own).

Almost all life shows a 24-hour pattern of activity and rest, ____ bacteria.

It seems very likely that this rhythm evolved as a result of living on a planet that rotates once every 24 hours and that the resultant changes in light, temperature and food availability forced an ____ evolutionary response.

Diurnal and nocturnal species have evolved numerous specializations that have allowed ____ to perform best under the different conditions of light or dark, but, critically, not both.

Life seems to have made an evolutionary 'decision' to be active at a specific part of the day|night cycle, and, as a result, those species that are specialized to be active during the day will not be particularly effective at ____.

In the same way, nocturnal animals that are perfectly adapted to move around and hunt under ____ or no light fail miserably during the day.

The struggle for existence has forced species to become specialists and not generalists, and no ____ can operate with the same effectiveness across the 24-hour light|dark environment.

____ plants and bees are not strict mutualists.

Flowering ____ don't want to give up all their precious pollen to undesirable pollinators or even to generally dependable pollinating bees.

A small fraction of a flower's pollen grains must make their ____ to other flowers to ultimately produce seeds and foster new generations of plants.

Bees, on the other hand, would like to collect all the ____ and not give any of it up.

This difference leads to ____ in the system.

Some nectar-robbing bees cut ____ or holes at the bases of tube-shaped flowers and never deposit pollen on stigmas.

They are ____.

Orchids and a ____ other flowering plants offer no food to bee pollinators.

Instead, they deceive male bees into thinking a particular orchid flower is a receptive, ready, and waiting ____ of their species to make them pollinate.

Why not? They produce the same ____ scents and even sort of look like those female bees.

The bond of friendship may ____ a problem known as the banker's paradox.

When you are facing financial ruin and most need a loan, the bank is unlikely to grant you one as you represent a terrible ____ risk.

On the other hand, when things are going well the bank is only ____ happy to offer you funds.

This same dynamic would also have posed a deep problem for ____ altruism in the world of our ancestors.

Individuals may be least likely to receive help when they most need it, ____ they are least able to reciprocate.

Why would a ____ come to your aid, with a greatly reduced chance of being paid back the favour?

The evolution of ____ provides a solution to the dilemma.

The oxytocin-mediated bond between friends ____ them irreplaceable to each other.

So if a friend ____ seriously ill, rather than abandoning them to find someone else with whom to engage in reciprocal altruism, you have an emotional stake in their well-being that compels you to help them pull through.

Friendship may have developed in human evolution as a ____ of insurance.

For most of history ____ was secretive, obscure and often considered indistinguishable from magic.

Modern science by contrast combines observation, interpretation and action in forms that collectivize the knowledge gained and institutionalizes them in labs, centres, disciplines, ____ and stored memories.

As a collective, science polices itself, as happened in ____ when a Chinese scientist, He Jiankui, announced the birth of twin girls with edited genomes, and was met with a storm of disapproval.

This open and collective nature was ____ early in the history of modern science.

Joseph ____ was one of its first theorists, arguing in the 1660s that 'free and ingenious exchange of the reasons of our particular sentiments' is the best method of discovering truth and improving knowledge.

Yet this, the increasingly collective nature of science, is often missed in ____ of individual genius, whether Newton sitting under an apple tree or Einstein writing at night after his job.

But the more we know, the more collective science looks, dependent on networks of ____, supporters and colleagues.

Social scientists find it harder to agree ____ do natural scientists.

Researchers at the leading ____ of physics, for example, may argue fiercely, but there is sufficient consensus among the discipline's scholars for an introductory physics textbook to state with authority the basic knowledge that is accepted by the field.

In contrast, introductory social science texts often describe their subjects as a ____ of competing perspectives.

There are benefits to stressing what ____ us.

By taking specific emphases to their logical conclusions, we can readily ____ the arguments that need to be resolved if we are to explain this or that aspect of the social world.

Like politicians in elections, advocates of particular schools try to put '____ blue water' between themselves and their rivals.

But, like politicians in power, when the same advocates get round to ____ sociology (rather than just advertising their brand of it) they tend to fall back to a common middle ground.

In one revealing series of ____, researchers from the Julius-Maximilians University of Wurzburg, Germany, enrolled test subjects in a well-known experiment called "die under the cup."

In the experiment, participants make a series of die rolls under a cup, the results of which only they can ____, and then report their results anonymously.

Participants were ____ they would earn money depending on the outcome of their rolls, with higher rolls rewarded more favorably.

To ensure appropriate conditions, the researchers varied the time participants had to ____ their results.

In the first ____, they asked participants to report their results immediately.

In the second, they were instructed to do so after a short ____.

The results were clear, supporting what many researchers have long suspected: the results reported immediately were more honest than those ____ after a delay, suggesting that honesty is a more instinctive response and showing that dishonesty takes greater cognitive effort.

In one experiment, the ____ were more likely to produce untruthful responses when they were given a delay to respond, which implies that honesty is a response that is made spontaneously.

Our ability to simulate the future ─ which gives Present ____ a chance to walk in Future You's shoes ─ provides human brains with a huge evolutionary advantage, but it also has some limitations.

For one, the simulations don't predict emotional intensity ____.

We imagine it's scary skydiving, but it's definitely scarier once a 200-pound ____ strapped to your back slowly pushes your toes to the edge.

Jumping out of a plane is just an idea that's somewhat ____ from reality until it's actually happening.

In the same ____, what Future You will be thinking and feeling is just an abstract idea until Future You becomes Present You.

When we ____ a decision to put something off, we can simulate what the consequences of that decision will be - we'll have less time to work on something, people might get frustrated with us, and we might run into unexpected problems.

But the simulation of what our procrastination will feel like is usually more charitable than the reality ─ we underestimate the stress it will cause, the guilt we'll feel for continuing the pattern, or the disappointment that will ____ from a missed opportunity.

So, even the best human simulators have ____.

Procrastinators' simulators are ____ in general, and they struggle to consider the consequences of their choices.

They're more concerned about what they're ____ and how they're feeling in this moment and less concerned about the future.

As a result, they keep ____ what they want right now over what they'll need in the future.