2024년 9월 고3 모의고사 변형 (31-42번)

____ has been a lot of discussion on why moths are attracted to light.

The consensus seems to hold that moths are not so ____ attracted to lights as they are trapped by them.

The light becomes a sensory overload that disorients the ____ and sends them into a holding pattern.

A hypothesis called the ____ band theory suggests that moths see a dark area around a light source and head for it to escape the light.

Another theory suggests that moths perceive the ____ coming from a source as a diffuse halo with a dark spot in the center.

The ____, attempting to escape the light, fly toward that imagined "portal," bringing them closer to the source.

As they approach the light, their ____ point changes and they circle the light hopelessly trying to reach the portal.

Everyone is familiar with moths circling their porch ____.

Their flight appears to have no purpose, but they are, it is believed, ____ to escape the pull of the light.

____ of the factors determining the use of technologies of communication will be the kinds of investments made in equipment and personnel; who makes them, and what they expect in return.

There is no guarantee that the investment will necessarily be in forms of communication that are ____ appropriate for the majority of people.

Because the ownership of investment funds tends to be in the hands of commercial ____, the modernisation of communications infrastructure only takes place on the basis of potential profitability.

Take, for example, the installation of ____ communications cable across the African continent.

A number of African nations are involved in the development but its operational structures will be oriented to those who can pay for ____.

Many states that might wish to use it for education and information may not only find it too expensive but ____ simply unavailable to them.

There can be no doubt that the development has been ____ by investment opportunity rather than community demand.

City quality is so crucial for optional activities that the extent of staying activities can often be used as a measuring stick for the quality of the city as ____ as of its space.

Many pedestrians in a city are not necessarily an indication of good city quality ― many ____ walking around can often be a sign of insufficient transit options or long distances between the various functions in the city.

Conversely, it can be claimed that a city in which many people are not ____ often indicates good city quality.

In a ____ like Rome, it is the large number of people standing or sitting in squares rather than walking that is conspicuous.

And it's not due to necessity but rather that the city ____ is so inviting.

It is hard to keep moving in city space with so ____ temptations to stay.

In contrast are many new quarters and ____ that many people walk through but rarely stop or stay in.

That people need other people is hardly news, but for Rousseau this dependence extended far beyond companionship or ____ love, into the very process of becoming human.

Rousseau believed that people are not born but made, every individual a bundle of potentials whose ____ requires the active involvement of other people.

Self-development is a ____ process. Self-sufficiency is an impossible fantasy.

Much of the time ____ wished passionately that it were not: Robinson Crusoe was a favorite book, and he yearned to be free from the pains and uncertainties of social life.

But his writings document with ____ clarity the shaping of the individual by his emotional attachments.

"Our sweetest existence is relative and collective, and our true self is ____ entirely within us."

And it is kindness ― which Rousseau analyzed under the rubric of pitie, which translates as "pity" but is much closer to "sympathy" as Hume and Smith defined it ― that is the key to this collective ____.

The best dealers offer a much broader service than merely having their goods on display and 'selling ____ stock'.

Once they know the needs of a particular collector they ____ actively seek specific items to fill gaps in the collection.

Because it is their business, to which they devote themselves full-time, they will inevitably have a much wider ____ than any non-professional collector can ever develop.

As a matter of course they can enquire about the availability of pieces from dealers in other cities and, most ____ in some categories, from overseas.

They will be routinely informed of news of all auctions and important private ____, and should be well-enough connected to hear occasionally of items which are not yet quite on sale but might be available for a certain price.

In turn, they can circulate their ____ contacts with 'want-lists' of desired items or subjects, multiplying their client collectors' chances of expanding their collections.

If learning were simply a matter of accumulating lists of facts, then it shouldn't make any difference if we are presented with information that is just a little bit beyond what we ____ know or totally new information.

Each fact ____ simply be stored separately.

According to connectionist theory, however, our knowledge is organized into patterns of activity, and each time we learn something new we ____ to modify the old patterns so as to keep the old material while adding the new information.

The adjustments are clearly smallest when the new ____ is only slightly new ― when it is compatible with what we already know, so that the old patterns need only a little bit of adjustment to accommodate the new knowledge.

If we are trying to understand something totally new, however, we need to make larger adjustments to the units of the patterns we already have, which requires changing the strengths of large numbers of connections in our brain, and this is a ____, tiring process.

The generally ____ connection between health and what animals want exists because wanting to obtain the right things and wanting to avoid the wrong ones are major ways in which animals keep themselves healthy.

Animals ____ evolved many different ways of maintaining their health and then regaining it again once it has been damaged, such as an ability to heal wounds when they are injured and an amazingly complex immune system for warding off infection.

Animals are equally good, however, at dealing with injury and ____ before they even happen.

They have evolved a complex set of mechanisms for anticipating and avoiding ____ altogether.

They can ____ pre-emptive action so that the worst never happens.

They start to want things that will be necessary for their health and survival not for now but for some time in the ____.

People involved in the conception and engineering of robots designed to perceive and act ____ how fundamental is the ability to discriminate oneself from other entities in the environment.

Without such an ____, no goal-oriented action would be possible.

Imagine that you ____ to build a robot able to search for blocks scattered in a room in order to pile them.

Even this simple task would require that your machine be able to discriminate between stimulation that originates from its own machinery and stimulation that originates ____ the blocks in the environment.

Suppose that you equip your ____ with an artificial eye and an artificial arm to detect, grab, and pile the blocks.

To be successful, your machine ____ have to have some built-in system enabling it to discriminate between the detection of a block and the detection of its own arm.

If not, the robot might ____ chase itself rather than the blocks.

Your robot would engage in circular, self-centered acts that ____ drive it away from the target or external goal.

To decide whether and how to intervene in ecosystems, protected area managers normally need a reasonably clear idea of what future ____ would be like if they did not intervene.

Management practices usually involve ____ a more desirable future condition and implementing management actions designed to push or guide ecosystems toward that condition.

Managers need confidence in the likely outcomes of their ____.

This traditional and inherently logical approach requires a high degree of predictive ability, and predictions must be developed at appropriate ____ and temporal scales, often localized and near-term.

Unfortunately, at the scales, accuracy, and ____ most useful to protected area management, the future not only promises to be unprecedented, but it also promises to be unpredictable.

To ____ this, consider the uncertainties involved in predicting climatic changes, how ecosystems are likely to respond to climatic changes, and the likely efficacy of actions that might be taken to counter adverse effects of climatic changes.

Comparable uncertainties ____ the nature and magnitude of future changes in other ecosystem stressors.

Human ____ differs from the cries of other species in many ways.

One very important distinction is that all other animals use one call for one message as the general principle of ____.

This means that the number of possible messages is very ____.

If a new ____ is to be included in the system, a new sound has to be introduced, too.

After the first few tens of sounds it becomes difficult to invent ____ distinctive sounds, and also to remember them for the next time they are needed.

Human speech builds on the ____ of combining a restricted number of sounds into an unlimited number of messages.

In a typical human language there are something like thirty or forty ____ speech sounds.

These sounds can be combined into chains to ____ a literally unlimited number of words.

Even a small child, who can communicate by only one word at a time, uses a system for communication that is ____ superior to any system utilized by any other animal.

In animal cries, each call represents a different message, ____ limits the number of possible messages, whereas human language creates an unlimited number of messages using a finite set of distinctive sounds.

People are correct when they feel that the written poetry of literate societies and the oral poetry of non-literate ____ differ considerably from the everyday language spoken in the community.

Listeners not only accept the strange use of words, rearrangement of word order, assonance, alliteration, rhythm, rhyme, compression of thought, and so on ― they actually expect to find these things in poetry and they are disappointed when poetry does not sound "____."

But those who regard poetry as a different category of language altogether are deaf to the true achievements of the ____.

Rather, the poet artfully manipulates the same raw materials of his language as are ____ in everyday speech; his skill is to find new possibilities in the resources already in the language.

In much the same way that people living at the seashore become so accustomed to the sound of waves that they no longer hear it, most of us have ____ insensitive to the flood tide of words, millions of them every day, that hit our eardrums.

____ function of poetry is to depict the world with a fresh perception ― to make it strange ― so that we will listen to language once again.

But the successful poet never departs so far into the strange world of language that none of his listeners can ____ him.

He still ____ the communicator, the man of speech.