2024년 9월 고3 모의고사 변형 (31-42번)

There has ____ a lot of discussion on why moths are attracted to light.

The consensus seems to hold that moths are ____ so much attracted to lights as they are trapped by them.

The light becomes a sensory overload that disorients the insects and sends ____ into a holding pattern.

A hypothesis called the Mach ____ theory suggests that moths see a dark area around a light source and head for it to escape the light.

____ theory suggests that moths perceive the light coming from a source as a diffuse halo with a dark spot in the center.

The moths, attempting to escape the light, fly toward that imagined "____," bringing them closer to the source.

As they ____ the light, their reference point changes and they circle the light hopelessly trying to reach the portal.

Everyone is ____ with moths circling their porch lights.

Their ____ appears to have no purpose, but they are, it is believed, trying to escape the pull of the light.

One of the factors determining the use of technologies of communication will be the kinds of investments ____ in equipment and personnel; who makes them, and what they expect in return.

There is no guarantee that the investment will necessarily be in forms of communication that are most appropriate for the majority of ____.

Because the ____ of investment funds tends to be in the hands of commercial organisations, the modernisation of communications infrastructure only takes place on the basis of potential profitability.

Take, for example, the installation of ____ communications cable across the African continent.

A number of African nations are involved in the development but its operational structures will be oriented to those ____ can pay for access.

____ states that might wish to use it for education and information may not only find it too expensive but also simply unavailable to them.

There can be no ____ that the development has been led by investment opportunity rather than community demand.

City ____ is so crucial for optional activities that the extent of staying activities can often be used as a measuring stick for the quality of the city as well as of its space.

Many pedestrians in a city are not necessarily an indication of good city quality ― many ____ walking around can often be a sign of insufficient transit options or long distances between the various functions in the city.

Conversely, it can be claimed that a ____ in which many people are not walking often indicates good city quality.

In a city like Rome, it is the large number of ____ standing or sitting in squares rather than walking that is conspicuous.

And it's not due to ____ but rather that the city quality is so inviting.

It is hard to keep moving in city space with so many temptations to ____.

In contrast are many new quarters and complexes that many people walk through but rarely stop or ____ in.

That people need other people is hardly news, but for Rousseau this dependence extended far beyond companionship or even love, into the very process of ____ human.

____ believed that people are not born but made, every individual a bundle of potentials whose realization requires the active involvement of other people.

Self-development is a social process. ____ is an impossible fantasy.

Much of the time ____ wished passionately that it were not: Robinson Crusoe was a favorite book, and he yearned to be free from the pains and uncertainties of social life.

But his writings document with extraordinary ____ the shaping of the individual by his emotional attachments.

"Our sweetest existence is relative and collective, and our true self is not ____ within us."

And it is kindness ― which Rousseau analyzed under the rubric of ____, which translates as "pity" but is much closer to "sympathy" as Hume and Smith defined it ― that is the key to this collective existence.

The best dealers offer a much broader service than merely having their ____ on display and 'selling from stock'.

Once they know the needs of a particular collector they can actively seek specific items to fill gaps in the ____.

Because it is their business, to which they ____ themselves full-time, they will inevitably have a much wider network than any non-professional collector can ever develop.

As a matter of course they can enquire about the availability of pieces from ____ in other cities and, most crucially in some categories, from overseas.

They will be routinely informed of news of all auctions and important private sales, and should be well-enough connected to ____ occasionally of items which are not yet quite on sale but might be available for a certain price.

In turn, they can circulate their ____ contacts with 'want-lists' of desired items or subjects, multiplying their client collectors' chances of expanding their collections.

If learning were simply a matter of accumulating lists of facts, then it shouldn't make any difference if we are presented with information that is just a little bit beyond ____ we already know or totally new information.

Each ____ would simply be stored separately.

According to connectionist ____, however, our knowledge is organized into patterns of activity, and each time we learn something new we have to modify the old patterns so as to keep the old material while adding the new information.

The adjustments are clearly smallest when the new information is only slightly new ― when it is compatible with what we already know, so that the old patterns need only a little bit of adjustment to accommodate the new ____.

If we are trying to understand something totally new, however, we need to ____ larger adjustments to the units of the patterns we already have, which requires changing the strengths of large numbers of connections in our brain, and this is a difficult, tiring process.

The generally close connection between health and what animals ____ exists because wanting to obtain the right things and wanting to avoid the wrong ones are major ways in which animals keep themselves healthy.

Animals have evolved many different ways of maintaining their health and then regaining it again once it has been damaged, such as an ability to heal wounds when they are injured and an amazingly complex immune system for warding off ____.

Animals are equally good, ____, at dealing with injury and disease before they even happen.

They have evolved a complex set of mechanisms for anticipating and ____ danger altogether.

They can take pre-emptive ____ so that the worst never happens.

They start to want things that will be necessary for their health and ____ not for now but for some time in the future.

People involved in the conception and engineering of robots designed to perceive and act know how fundamental is the ability to discriminate ____ from other entities in the environment.

Without such an ability, no goal-oriented ____ would be possible.

Imagine that you have to build a robot able to search for blocks scattered in a room in ____ to pile them.

Even this simple ____ would require that your machine be able to discriminate between stimulation that originates from its own machinery and stimulation that originates from the blocks in the environment.

Suppose that you equip your robot with an artificial ____ and an artificial arm to detect, grab, and pile the blocks.

To be successful, your machine will have to ____ some built-in system enabling it to discriminate between the detection of a block and the detection of its own arm.

If not, the robot might endlessly chase itself ____ than the blocks.

Your robot would engage in circular, self-centered acts that would drive it away from the target or external ____.

To decide whether and how to intervene in ecosystems, protected area managers ____ need a reasonably clear idea of what future ecosystems would be like if they did not intervene.

Management practices usually involve defining a more ____ future condition and implementing management actions designed to push or guide ecosystems toward that condition.

Managers need confidence in the ____ outcomes of their interventions.

This traditional and inherently logical approach requires a ____ degree of predictive ability, and predictions must be developed at appropriate spatial and temporal scales, often localized and near-term.

Unfortunately, at the scales, accuracy, and precision most useful to protected area ____, the future not only promises to be unprecedented, but it also promises to be unpredictable.

To illustrate this, consider the uncertainties involved in predicting climatic changes, how ecosystems are likely to respond to climatic changes, and the likely efficacy of actions that might be taken to counter adverse ____ of climatic changes.

Comparable uncertainties surround the nature and ____ of future changes in other ecosystem stressors.

Human speech differs from the cries of ____ species in many ways.

One very important distinction is that all other animals use one call for one message as the general ____ of communication.

This means that the ____ of possible messages is very restricted.

If a ____ message is to be included in the system, a new sound has to be introduced, too.

After the first few tens of sounds it becomes difficult to invent new ____ sounds, and also to remember them for the next time they are needed.

Human speech builds on the principle of combining a restricted number of sounds into an unlimited ____ of messages.

In a typical human language there are something like thirty or forty ____ speech sounds.

These ____ can be combined into chains to form a literally unlimited number of words.

Even a small child, who can communicate by only one word at a time, uses a system for communication that is infinitely superior to ____ system utilized by any other animal.

In animal cries, each call represents a different ____, which limits the number of possible messages, whereas human language creates an unlimited number of messages using a finite set of distinctive sounds.

People are correct when they feel that the written poetry of literate societies and the oral poetry of non-literate ones differ ____ from the everyday language spoken in the community.

Listeners not only accept the strange use of words, rearrangement of ____ order, assonance, alliteration, rhythm, rhyme, compression of thought, and so on ― they actually expect to find these things in poetry and they are disappointed when poetry does not sound "poetic."

But those who ____ poetry as a different category of language altogether are deaf to the true achievements of the poet.

Rather, the poet artfully manipulates the ____ raw materials of his language as are used in everyday speech; his skill is to find new possibilities in the resources already in the language.

In much the same way that people living at the seashore become so accustomed to the sound of ____ that they no longer hear it, most of us have become insensitive to the flood tide of words, millions of them every day, that hit our eardrums.

One function of poetry is to depict the world with a fresh perception ― to make it strange ― so that we will ____ to language once again.

But the successful poet never departs so far into the strange world of language that none of his ____ can follow him.

He still remains the ____, the man of speech.