2024년 9월 고3 모의고사 변형 (31-42번)

There has been a lot of discussion ____ why moths are attracted to light.

The consensus ____ to hold that moths are not so much attracted to lights as they are trapped by them.

The light becomes a sensory overload that disorients the insects and ____ them into a holding pattern.

A ____ called the Mach band theory suggests that moths see a dark area around a light source and head for it to escape the light.

Another ____ suggests that moths perceive the light coming from a source as a diffuse halo with a dark spot in the center.

The moths, attempting to escape the ____ fly toward that imagined "portal," bringing them closer to the source.

As they approach the light, ____ reference point changes and they circle the light hopelessly trying to reach the portal.

Everyone is familiar with moths ____ their porch lights.

Their flight appears to have no purpose, ____ they are, it is believed, trying to escape the pull of the light.

One of the factors determining the use ____ technologies of communication will be the kinds of investments made in equipment and personnel; who makes them, and what they expect in return.

There is no guarantee that the investment will necessarily be in forms of communication that are most appropriate for the majority of ____

Because the ownership of investment funds tends to ____ in the hands of commercial organisations, the modernisation of communications infrastructure only takes place on the basis of potential profitability.

Take, for example, the installation of ____ communications cable across the African continent.

A number of African ____ are involved in the development but its operational structures will be oriented to those who can pay for access.

Many states that might wish to use it ____ education and information may not only find it too expensive but also simply unavailable to them.

There can be no doubt that ____ development has been led by investment opportunity rather than community demand.

City quality is so crucial for optional activities that the extent of staying activities can often be used as a measuring stick for the quality ____ the city as well as of its space.

Many pedestrians in a ____ are not necessarily an indication of good city quality ― many people walking around can often be a sign of insufficient transit options or long distances between the various functions in the city.

Conversely, it can be claimed that a city in which many people are not walking often indicates good ____ quality.

In a city like Rome, it is the large number of people standing or sitting in squares rather than walking that is ____

And it's not due to necessity but rather that ____ city quality is so inviting.

It is hard to keep moving in city space with so many temptations to ____

In contrast are many ____ quarters and complexes that many people walk through but rarely stop or stay in.

That people need other ____ is hardly news, but for Rousseau this dependence extended far beyond companionship or even love, into the very process of becoming human.

Rousseau believed that people are ____ born but made, every individual a bundle of potentials whose realization requires the active involvement of other people.

Self-development ____ a social process. Self-sufficiency is an impossible fantasy.

Much of the time Rousseau wished passionately that it were not: Robinson Crusoe was ____ favorite book, and he yearned to be free from the pains and uncertainties of social life.

But his ____ document with extraordinary clarity the shaping of the individual by his emotional attachments.

"Our sweetest existence is relative and collective, and our true ____ is not entirely within us."

And it is kindness ― which Rousseau analyzed under the rubric of pitie, which ____ as "pity" but is much closer to "sympathy" as Hume and Smith defined it ― that is the key to this collective existence.

The best dealers offer a much broader ____ than merely having their goods on display and 'selling from stock'.

Once they know the needs of a particular collector they can actively seek specific ____ to fill gaps in the collection.

Because it is their ____ to which they devote themselves full-time, they will inevitably have a much wider network than any non-professional collector can ever develop.

As a matter of course they can enquire about the availability ____ pieces from dealers in other cities and, most crucially in some categories, from overseas.

They will be routinely informed of news of all auctions and important private sales, and should be well-enough connected to hear ____ of items which are not yet quite on sale but might be available for a certain price.

In turn, they can circulate their own contacts with 'want-lists' of desired items or subjects, multiplying their ____ collectors' chances of expanding their collections.

____ learning were simply a matter of accumulating lists of facts, then it shouldn't make any difference if we are presented with information that is just a little bit beyond what we already know or totally new information.

Each fact would simply be ____ separately.

According to connectionist theory, however, our knowledge is organized into patterns of activity, and each time we learn something new we have to modify the old patterns so as to keep the old material while adding ____ new information.

The adjustments are clearly smallest when the new information is only slightly new ― when it is compatible with what we already know, so that the old patterns need only a little bit of adjustment to accommodate ____ new knowledge.

If we are trying to understand something totally new, ____ we need to make larger adjustments to the units of the patterns we already have, which requires changing the strengths of large numbers of connections in our brain, and this is a difficult, tiring process.

The generally close connection between health and what animals ____ exists because wanting to obtain the right things and wanting to avoid the wrong ones are major ways in which animals keep themselves healthy.

Animals have evolved many different ways of maintaining their health and then regaining it again once it has been damaged, such as an ability to heal wounds when they are injured and ____ amazingly complex immune system for warding off infection.

Animals are equally good, however, at dealing with ____ and disease before they even happen.

They have evolved a ____ set of mechanisms for anticipating and avoiding danger altogether.

They can take ____ action so that the worst never happens.

They ____ to want things that will be necessary for their health and survival not for now but for some time in the future.

People involved in the conception and engineering of robots designed to perceive and act know how ____ is the ability to discriminate oneself from other entities in the environment.

Without such ____ ability, no goal-oriented action would be possible.

Imagine that you have to build a robot able to search ____ blocks scattered in a room in order to pile them.

Even this simple ____ would require that your machine be able to discriminate between stimulation that originates from its own machinery and stimulation that originates from the blocks in the environment.

Suppose that you ____ your robot with an artificial eye and an artificial arm to detect, grab, and pile the blocks.

To be successful, your ____ will have to have some built-in system enabling it to discriminate between the detection of a block and the detection of its own arm.

If not, the robot might endlessly chase itself rather ____ the blocks.

Your robot would engage in circular, self-centered acts that would drive it away from the target or ____ goal.

To decide whether and how to intervene in ecosystems, protected area managers normally need a reasonably clear idea of what future ecosystems would be like ____ they did not intervene.

Management practices usually involve defining a more desirable future condition and implementing management actions designed to push or ____ ecosystems toward that condition.

Managers need ____ in the likely outcomes of their interventions.

This traditional and inherently logical approach requires a high degree of predictive ability, and predictions must ____ developed at appropriate spatial and temporal scales, often localized and near-term.

Unfortunately, at the scales, accuracy, and ____ most useful to protected area management, the future not only promises to be unprecedented, but it also promises to be unpredictable.

To illustrate this, consider the uncertainties involved in predicting ____ changes, how ecosystems are likely to respond to climatic changes, and the likely efficacy of actions that might be taken to counter adverse effects of climatic changes.

Comparable ____ surround the nature and magnitude of future changes in other ecosystem stressors.

Human speech differs from the cries ____ other species in many ways.

One very important distinction is that ____ other animals use one call for one message as the general principle of communication.

This means that the number of possible ____ is very restricted.

If a new message is to be included in the ____ a new sound has to be introduced, too.

After the first few tens of sounds it becomes difficult to invent new distinctive sounds, and also to ____ them for the next time they are needed.

Human speech builds on the principle of combining a restricted number of sounds into an unlimited number ____ messages.

In a typical human ____ there are something like thirty or forty distinctive speech sounds.

These sounds can be combined into chains to form a ____ unlimited number of words.

Even a small child, who can communicate by only one word at a time, uses a system for communication that is infinitely superior to any system utilized by ____ other animal.

In animal cries, each ____ represents a different message, which limits the number of possible messages, whereas human language creates an unlimited number of messages using a finite set of distinctive sounds.

____ are correct when they feel that the written poetry of literate societies and the oral poetry of non-literate ones differ considerably from the everyday language spoken in the community.

Listeners not only accept the strange use of words, rearrangement of word order, ____ alliteration, rhythm, rhyme, compression of thought, and so on ― they actually expect to find these things in poetry and they are disappointed when poetry does not sound "poetic."

But those ____ regard poetry as a different category of language altogether are deaf to the true achievements of the poet.

Rather, the poet artfully manipulates the same raw materials of his language as are used in everyday speech; his skill ____ to find new possibilities in the resources already in the language.

In much the same way that people living at the seashore become so accustomed to the sound of waves that they no longer hear it, most of us have ____ insensitive to the flood tide of words, millions of them every day, that hit our eardrums.

One function of poetry is to depict the world with a fresh perception ― to make it strange ― ____ that we will listen to language once again.

But the successful poet never departs so far into the strange world of language that none of his listeners can follow ____

He still remains the communicator, the ____ of speech.