2025년 9월 고3 모의고사 영어 변형문제 (30-42번)

What is ____ river engineering?

One way to visualize its spirit ____ to liken it to a footpath in the forest.

Suppose ____ tree falls across a footpath.

A soft-path response would be simply to redirect ____ trail around the fallen tree.

A more interventionist response would ____ to remove the tree and restore the original route.

A still more interventionist response might be to straighten and pave the path to insert it more permanently in the ____

The true high-modernist step would, of course, be ____ create a superhighway that removes the landscape and bulldozes straight through all obstacles in the topography.

Soft-path engineering has the unique advantage of intellectual modesty with ____ to what we actually know about river movement and its environmental effects.

In contrast to hard-path engineering, soft-path ____ accepts variability in the river's movement as significant until proven otherwise.

Backwaters, short-lived wetlands, braids and ____ swamps ─ all undesirable to hard-path engineering ─ are presumed by soft-path engineers to be ecologically important.

We know that animals have evolved a variety of patterns to manipulate the ____ of their predators to afford themselves a modicum of safety.

Greater Bower ____ utilize perceptual biases in the mating domain.

Males construct a bower; its function is to provide an arena in which males display to females standing in an avenue that ____ up to the bower.

The males decorate the avenue with ____ variety of objects, such as stones and shells.

But ____ do not do so in a chaotic manner.

The larger objects are ____ closer to the bower and the smaller objects farther away.

This creates a ____ perspective the opposite of the Cinderella Castle; the bower appears smaller than it actually is.

Endler and his colleagues suggested that the ____ courting in the bower now appears larger and thus more attractive to the female.

Data on male mating success collected in ____ wild supports their hypothesis.

Although empathy is widely praised by scholars and public figures, not everyone is an ____ booster.

Critics ____ empathy argue that empathy will not save us from interpersonal and intergroup conflict.

In fact, ____ argue, empathy makes such conflicts worse.

These critics maintain that empathy ____ be exhausting and lead to burnout, insensitivity to suffering, or worse.

They argue that we tend to empathize strongly with our in-group and resist empathizing with out-groups, and even enjoy the suffering of out-groups in ____ or threatening contexts.

Thus, the prescription for more empathy is often counterproductive in cases ____ conflict.

Empathy, they argue, can further ____ conflict and force us into an us vs. them mentality.

Finally, even when ____ try to empathize with others who are dissimilar from us or in unfamiliar contexts, sometimes we are unable to accurately empathize with their experiences, causing further misunderstandings and frustration.

Critics of empathy argue ____ we should give up on empathy and employ other tools in pursuit of social harmony, e.g., rational compassion or moral emotions like fear, anger, and shame.

Compared to other ecosystems, forests are relatively diverse, but this should not necessarily be a justification for converting nonforests ____ forests.

Wetlands, meadows, and grasslands have a unique biota too, even if it is ____ not as rich as a forest biota.

The ecological problems of this process have been described from a number of places such as Iceland, South Africa, and Australia, but ____ classic example of this comes from Scotland and northern England.

Here the Forestry Commission has drained, fertilized, ____ fenced extensive areas of wetlands to facilitate turning them into forests.

Increasing the extent of forests in Britain is certainly a desirable goal, and most of the Forestry Commission's efforts are directed toward sites that were forested before sheep ____ their keepers came to the island.

However, ecologists frequently complain about the Commission's work because it is not restricted to former forest sites, because ____ forests established are usually composed of exotic trees, and because the wildlife threatened by this activity includes many uncommon species.

When gathering the preferences of multiple agents into one collective choice, it is easily seen that certain cases call for ____ or other means of tiebreaking.

For example, if there are two alternatives, ____ and b, and two agents such that one prefers a and the other one b, there is no deterministic way of selecting a single alternative without violating one of two basic fairness conditions known as anonymity and neutrality.

Anonymity ____ that the collective choice ought to be independent of the agents' identities whereas neutrality requires impartiality towards the alternatives.

Allowing ____ as social outcomes hence seems like a necessity for impartial collective choice.

Indeed, most common "deterministic" social choice functions such as plurality rule are only deterministic as long as there is no ____ which is usually resolved by drawing a lot.

The use of lotteries for the selection of officials interestingly goes back to the world's first democracy in Athens, where it was widely regarded as a principal characteristic of democracy, and has recently gained increasing attention in political ____

All workers need access to mentors that can provide them with valuable information ____ their job, their workplace, and the resources that are available within their organization.

____ also provide much needed psychosocial support.

Having ____ diverse network of mentors is important for dominant and minority group members alike.

Minority ____ members need diverse mentors so that they can gain insight into what it means to be employed by a particular organization or in a particular field or profession.

Majority workers benefit by having a network of diverse mentors because it increases their understanding and sensitivity to the unique realities of diverse workers ____ their own identity, and perhaps even their own forms of privilege.

The ultimate goal of these mentoring opportunities is to have individuals be more ____ identified, and engaged in their work and in their organization.

Traditionally, when ____ teach writing, they assign topics for students to write on; perhaps they do a bit of brainstorming about the topic during a pre-writing phase, and then have students write about the topic without interruption.

Subsequently, teachers ____ and evaluate what students have written.

Such instruction is very 'product-oriented;' there is no involvement of the teacher in ____ act or 'process' of writing.

In process writing, on the other hand, students may initially brainstorm ideas about a topic and begin writing, but then they have repeated conferences with the teacher and the other students, during which they receive feedback on their ____ up to that point, make revisions, based on the feedback they receive, and carry on writing.

In ____ way, students learn to view their writing as someone else's reading and to improve both the expression of meaning and the form of their writing as they draft and redraft.

Process writing shifts the ____ in teaching writing from evaluation to revision.

Perhaps at some point you have seen ____ mathematical writing and not understood it.

You would not be the first; rest assured, even professional ____ sometimes have to rely on discussions with colleagues to properly understand problems they are looking at.

But how do you recognise some writing is mathematical in ____ first place?

The complicated notations that might spring to mind ─ all those strange dashes, squiggles and letters ─ are obvious signs, but a lot of those are ____ quite modern.

Mathematics had been going on for a long time before ____ dashes and squiggles were invented.

Put simply, there has to be something ____ going on for us to say that it is mathematics.

And if we are dealing with writing from a very distant past, in a language that is ____ familiar to us, from a time even before recorded language, that can be sometimes difficult to recognise.

It is worth pointing ____ that leaves don't drop to the ground because they are dying ─ rather, the tree initiates an active process of clever recycling called senescence.

A tree, like an oak for example, would struggle to survive through a harsh winter if it retained its canopy of ____

It would risk damage from strong winter winds and would lose more water from its leaves ____ it could draw up from the frozen ground.

If ____ didn't blow over, it would die of thirst.

As ____ approaches, the length of the day shortens, the temperature drops, and plants, including trees, can detect this change.

It signals to ____ that it is time to lose their leaves.

First, however, trees carefully suck all of the useful nutrients out of the leaves and then, with surgical precision, block ____ that pathway into the leaves.

That blocked pathway at the base of the leaf stem creates a weakness and, in the wind, the leaves snap ____ and fall to the ground.

Historians use evidence in order to understand what happened and ____ it happened.

In architectural history this evidence may take the form of the buildings themselves or their ____ and documents such as plans, drawings, descriptions, diaries or bills.

Our picture of any period of history is derived from ____ multitude of sources, such as the paintings, literature, deeds, buildings and other artefacts that have survived.

The problem of survival lies at the root of many of the historian's problems, for what has survived may ____ necessarily be more significant than what has not survived.

The Egyptian ____ have survived thousands of years, but historical significance is not just a question of durability.

These buildings were part of a rich and diverse culture, ____ of which has been lost.

They are historical facts, but facts by themselves, even such massive facts as the ____ are just the first stage in any historical study, and until they have been evaluated, placed in context and interpreted, they tell us little.

Different historians may place different values on the same facts, and the discovery of ____ evidence may modify or change existing theories and interpretations.

In most fiction, characters' lives are limited to ____ individual work.

Readers may disagree on the characteristics and traits of fictional figures, and ____ drama there is room for different interpretations of characters.

However, it is less common for characters in literary fiction to reappear in subsequent works than in ____ fiction, where series featuring the same central characters are common.

This is even more pronounced in ____ which are typically serialized in newspaper strips or comic books.

Thus characters introduced in the 1930s, ____ Superman and Batman, may still enjoy new adventures decades later.

During these ____ long histories, they change in various ways for a variety of reasons.

If a character is created by a single author, like Sherlock Holmes, the character's core traits may change little from story to story, but readers learn more ____ him with each successive story.

On the other hand, if characters are the work of several hands over ____ they may change considerably.

While characters in most literary fiction hardly ever feature in successive works, those in ____ fiction and comics often do so, and may undergo transformation in their traits especially when written about by different authors over time.

While social presence has evolved through many iterations since its first development within the context of the landline telephone, the perception ____ feeling of being connected with the other person within the context of the conversation has persisted.

Some research has explored specific technologies and the extent to which their characteristics lead ____ a feeling of social presence.

For example, some researchers have ____ the "richness" of the media, or the number of cues available to convey social presence.

A telephone call, which provides for audio cues and ____ feedback, is potentially richer than an email, which provides only textual cues and no immediate feedback.

Videoconferencing would be considered richer than the ____ because of the addition of visual cues, making it closer to replicating a perceived gold standard of face-to-face, in-person social presence.

Researchers have suggested that successful managers would choose rich media for confusing or ambiguous messages ____ lean or less rich media for messages that were more routine in nature.

For ____ if you wanted to discuss a complicated client agreement, it would be best to choose a face-to-face meeting.

In contrast, if you were going to inform your team about a ____ in meeting time from 3:00 to 3:30, you might send out a generic email to everyone.

These different channels of communication were considered by ____ as a type of container that the message comes in.

To be ____ good communicator, you need to choose the right container.