2025년 9월 고3 모의고사 영어 변형문제 (30-42번)

What is soft-path river ____

One ____ to visualize its spirit is to liken it to a footpath in the forest.

Suppose ____ tree falls across a footpath.

A soft-path response would be simply to redirect the trail around the ____ tree.

A more interventionist response would be to remove the tree ____ restore the original route.

A still more interventionist response might be to straighten and pave the path ____ insert it more permanently in the landscape.

The true high-modernist step would, of course, be to create a superhighway that removes the landscape and bulldozes straight through all obstacles ____ the topography.

Soft-path engineering has the ____ advantage of intellectual modesty with respect to what we actually know about river movement and its environmental effects.

In contrast to hard-path engineering, soft-path engineering accepts variability in the river's movement as significant ____ proven otherwise.

Backwaters, short-lived wetlands, braids and channels, swamps ─ all undesirable to hard-path engineering ─ are ____ by soft-path engineers to be ecologically important.

We know that animals have evolved a ____ of patterns to manipulate the perceptions of their predators to afford themselves a modicum of safety.

Greater Bower birds utilize perceptual biases in the ____ domain.

Males construct a bower; its function is to provide an arena in which males display to females standing in ____ avenue that leads up to the bower.

The males decorate ____ avenue with a variety of objects, such as stones and shells.

But they do not ____ so in a chaotic manner.

The larger objects are ____ closer to the bower and the smaller objects farther away.

This creates a forced perspective the opposite of the Cinderella Castle; the ____ appears smaller than it actually is.

Endler and his colleagues suggested that the male courting in the bower now appears larger ____ thus more attractive to the female.

Data on male mating success collected in the wild supports ____ hypothesis.

Although empathy is widely praised by scholars and public figures, not everyone is an ____ booster.

Critics of empathy argue that empathy will ____ save us from interpersonal and intergroup conflict.

In fact, they argue, empathy makes such conflicts ____

These critics maintain that empathy can be exhausting and lead to burnout, insensitivity to suffering, ____ worse.

They argue that we tend to empathize ____ with our in-group and resist empathizing with out-groups, and even enjoy the suffering of out-groups in competitive or threatening contexts.

Thus, the prescription ____ more empathy is often counterproductive in cases of conflict.

Empathy, they argue, can ____ entrench conflict and force us into an us vs. them mentality.

Finally, even when we try to empathize with others who are dissimilar from us or in unfamiliar contexts, sometimes we are unable to accurately empathize with their experiences, causing further misunderstandings ____ frustration.

Critics of empathy argue ____ we should give up on empathy and employ other tools in pursuit of social harmony, e.g., rational compassion or moral emotions like fear, anger, and shame.

Compared to other ____ forests are relatively diverse, but this should not necessarily be a justification for converting nonforests into forests.

Wetlands, meadows, and grasslands have a unique biota too, ____ if it is often not as rich as a forest biota.

The ecological problems of this process have been described from a number of places such as Iceland, South Africa, and Australia, but ____ classic example of this comes from Scotland and northern England.

____ the Forestry Commission has drained, fertilized, and fenced extensive areas of wetlands to facilitate turning them into forests.

Increasing the extent of forests in Britain is certainly a desirable goal, and ____ of the Forestry Commission's efforts are directed toward sites that were forested before sheep and their keepers came to the island.

However, ecologists frequently complain about the Commission's work because it is not restricted to former forest ____ because the forests established are usually composed of exotic trees, and because the wildlife threatened by this activity includes many uncommon species.

When ____ the preferences of multiple agents into one collective choice, it is easily seen that certain cases call for randomization or other means of tiebreaking.

For example, ____ there are two alternatives, a and b, and two agents such that one prefers a and the other one b, there is no deterministic way of selecting a single alternative without violating one of two basic fairness conditions known as anonymity and neutrality.

Anonymity requires that the collective choice ought ____ be independent of the agents' identities whereas neutrality requires impartiality towards the alternatives.

Allowing lotteries as social outcomes hence seems like a ____ for impartial collective choice.

Indeed, most common "deterministic" social choice functions such ____ plurality rule are only deterministic as long as there is no tie, which is usually resolved by drawing a lot.

The use of lotteries ____ the selection of officials interestingly goes back to the world's first democracy in Athens, where it was widely regarded as a principal characteristic of democracy, and has recently gained increasing attention in political science.

All workers need access to mentors that ____ provide them with valuable information about their job, their workplace, and the resources that are available within their organization.

Mentors also provide much ____ psychosocial support.

Having a ____ network of mentors is important for dominant and minority group members alike.

Minority group members need diverse mentors so that they can gain ____ into what it means to be employed by a particular organization or in a particular field or profession.

Majority workers benefit by ____ a network of diverse mentors because it increases their understanding and sensitivity to the unique realities of diverse workers and their own identity, and perhaps even their own forms of privilege.

The ultimate goal of these mentoring opportunities is to have individuals be more informed, identified, and engaged in their work and in their ____

Traditionally, when teachers teach writing, they assign topics for students to write on; perhaps they do a bit of brainstorming about the topic during a pre-writing ____ and then have students write about the topic without interruption.

Subsequently, teachers collect and evaluate what students have ____

Such instruction is very 'product-oriented;' there is no involvement of the teacher in the act or ____ of writing.

In process writing, on the other hand, students may initially brainstorm ideas about a topic and begin writing, but then they have repeated conferences with the teacher and ____ other students, during which they receive feedback on their writing up to that point, make revisions, based on the feedback they receive, and carry on writing.

In this way, students learn to view their writing as someone else's reading and to improve both the expression of meaning and the form of their ____ as they draft and redraft.

Process writing ____ the emphasis in teaching writing from evaluation to revision.

Perhaps at ____ point you have seen some mathematical writing and not understood it.

You would not be the first; rest assured, even professional mathematicians sometimes have to ____ on discussions with colleagues to properly understand problems they are looking at.

But how do you recognise some writing is mathematical ____ the first place?

The complicated notations that might spring to mind ─ all those strange dashes, squiggles ____ letters ─ are obvious signs, but a lot of those are really quite modern.

Mathematics had been going on for a long ____ before the dashes and squiggles were invented.

Put simply, there has ____ be something mathematical going on for us to say that it is mathematics.

And if we are dealing with writing from a ____ distant past, in a language that is not familiar to us, from a time even before recorded language, that can be sometimes difficult to recognise.

It is worth pointing out that leaves don't drop to the ground because they are dying ─ ____ the tree initiates an active process of clever recycling called senescence.

A tree, like an oak for example, would struggle to survive through a harsh ____ if it retained its canopy of leaves.

It would risk damage from strong winter winds and would lose more water from its leaves than it could draw ____ from the frozen ground.

If ____ didn't blow over, it would die of thirst.

As winter approaches, the length of the day shortens, the temperature drops, and plants, including trees, can detect ____ change.

It signals to them that it is time to lose ____ leaves.

First, however, trees carefully suck all of the ____ nutrients out of the leaves and then, with surgical precision, block up that pathway into the leaves.

That blocked pathway at the base of the leaf stem creates a weakness and, in the wind, the leaves snap off ____ fall to the ground.

____ use evidence in order to understand what happened and why it happened.

In architectural history this evidence may take the form of the buildings themselves or their remains, and documents ____ as plans, drawings, descriptions, diaries or bills.

Our picture of any period of history is derived from a ____ of sources, such as the paintings, literature, deeds, buildings and other artefacts that have survived.

The problem ____ survival lies at the root of many of the historian's problems, for what has survived may not necessarily be more significant than what has not survived.

The Egyptian pyramids have survived thousands ____ years, but historical significance is not just a question of durability.

These buildings were part of a rich and diverse culture, much of which has ____ lost.

They are historical facts, but facts by themselves, even such massive facts as the pyramids, are just the ____ stage in any historical study, and until they have been evaluated, placed in context and interpreted, they tell us little.

Different historians may place different values on the same facts, and ____ discovery of new evidence may modify or change existing theories and interpretations.

In most fiction, characters' lives are limited to the ____ work.

Readers may disagree on the characteristics and traits of fictional figures, and in drama there is room for different interpretations ____ characters.

However, it is less common for characters in literary fiction to reappear ____ subsequent works than in genre fiction, where series featuring the same central characters are common.

____ is even more pronounced in comics, which are typically serialized in newspaper strips or comic books.

Thus characters introduced in the 1930s, like Superman and Batman, may still ____ new adventures decades later.

During these characters' long ____ they change in various ways for a variety of reasons.

If a character is created by a single author, like Sherlock Holmes, the character's core traits may change little from story ____ story, but readers learn more about him with each successive story.

On the other ____ if characters are the work of several hands over decades, they may change considerably.

While characters in most literary fiction hardly ever feature in successive works, those in genre fiction and comics often ____ so, and may undergo transformation in their traits especially when written about by different authors over time.

While social ____ has evolved through many iterations since its first development within the context of the landline telephone, the perception or feeling of being connected with the other person within the context of the conversation has persisted.

Some research has explored specific technologies and the extent to which their characteristics lead to a ____ of social presence.

For example, some researchers have studied the "richness" ____ the media, or the number of cues available to convey social presence.

A telephone call, which provides for audio cues and immediate feedback, is potentially richer than an email, which provides only ____ cues and no immediate feedback.

Videoconferencing would be considered richer than the phone because of ____ addition of visual cues, making it closer to replicating a perceived gold standard of face-to-face, in-person social presence.

Researchers have suggested that successful ____ would choose rich media for confusing or ambiguous messages and lean or less rich media for messages that were more routine in nature.

For example, if you wanted to discuss a complicated client agreement, it would be best ____ choose a face-to-face meeting.

In contrast, if you were going to inform your team about a change in meeting time from ____ to 3:30, you might send out a generic email to everyone.

These ____ channels of communication were considered by researchers as a type of container that the message comes in.

To be a good communicator, you need to choose the right ____