2025년 9월 고3 모의고사 영어 변형문제 (30-42번)

What is ____ river engineering?

One way to visualize ____ spirit is to liken it to a footpath in the forest.

Suppose a tree falls ____ a footpath.

A soft-path response would be simply to redirect the trail around the fallen ____.

A more interventionist response would be to remove the tree and restore the original ____.

A still more interventionist ____ might be to straighten and pave the path to insert it more permanently in the landscape.

The true high-modernist step would, of course, be to create a superhighway that removes the landscape and bulldozes straight through all obstacles in the ____.

Soft-path engineering has the unique advantage of intellectual modesty with respect to what we ____ know about river movement and its environmental effects.

In contrast to hard-path engineering, soft-path engineering accepts variability in the river's movement as significant until proven ____.

Backwaters, short-lived wetlands, braids and channels, swamps ─ all undesirable to hard-path engineering ─ are presumed by soft-path ____ to be ecologically important.

We know that animals have evolved a variety of ____ to manipulate the perceptions of their predators to afford themselves a modicum of safety.

Greater Bower ____ utilize perceptual biases in the mating domain.

Males construct a bower; its function is to provide an ____ in which males display to females standing in an avenue that leads up to the bower.

The males decorate the avenue with a variety of objects, ____ as stones and shells.

But they do not do so in a ____ manner.

The larger objects are placed closer to the bower and the smaller objects farther ____.

This ____ a forced perspective the opposite of the Cinderella Castle; the bower appears smaller than it actually is.

Endler and his colleagues ____ that the male courting in the bower now appears larger and thus more attractive to the female.

Data on male ____ success collected in the wild supports their hypothesis.

Although empathy is widely praised by scholars and public figures, not ____ is an empathy booster.

Critics of empathy argue that empathy will not save us from ____ and intergroup conflict.

In fact, they argue, ____ makes such conflicts worse.

These critics maintain that empathy can be ____ and lead to burnout, insensitivity to suffering, or worse.

They argue that we tend to empathize strongly with our in-group and resist empathizing with out-groups, and even ____ the suffering of out-groups in competitive or threatening contexts.

Thus, the prescription for more empathy is often ____ in cases of conflict.

Empathy, they argue, can further ____ conflict and force us into an us vs. them mentality.

Finally, even when we try to empathize with others who are dissimilar from us or in unfamiliar contexts, sometimes we are unable to accurately ____ with their experiences, causing further misunderstandings and frustration.

Critics of ____ argue that we should give up on empathy and employ other tools in pursuit of social harmony, e.g., rational compassion or moral emotions like fear, anger, and shame.

Compared to other ecosystems, forests are relatively diverse, but this should not ____ be a justification for converting nonforests into forests.

Wetlands, meadows, and grasslands have a ____ biota too, even if it is often not as rich as a forest biota.

The ecological problems of this process have been described from a number of places such as Iceland, South ____, and Australia, but the classic example of this comes from Scotland and northern England.

Here the Forestry Commission ____ drained, fertilized, and fenced extensive areas of wetlands to facilitate turning them into forests.

Increasing the extent of forests in Britain is certainly a desirable goal, and most of the Forestry Commission's efforts are directed toward sites that were forested before sheep and their keepers ____ to the island.

However, ecologists frequently complain about the Commission's work because it is ____ restricted to former forest sites, because the forests established are usually composed of exotic trees, and because the wildlife threatened by this activity includes many uncommon species.

When gathering the preferences of multiple agents into one collective choice, it is easily seen that certain cases call for ____ or other means of tiebreaking.

For example, if there are two alternatives, a and b, and ____ agents such that one prefers a and the other one b, there is no deterministic way of selecting a single alternative without violating one of two basic fairness conditions known as anonymity and neutrality.

Anonymity ____ that the collective choice ought to be independent of the agents' identities whereas neutrality requires impartiality towards the alternatives.

Allowing lotteries as social outcomes hence seems like a ____ for impartial collective choice.

Indeed, most common "deterministic" social choice functions ____ as plurality rule are only deterministic as long as there is no tie, which is usually resolved by drawing a lot.

The use of lotteries for the selection of officials interestingly goes back to the world's ____ democracy in Athens, where it was widely regarded as a principal characteristic of democracy, and has recently gained increasing attention in political science.

All ____ need access to mentors that can provide them with valuable information about their job, their workplace, and the resources that are available within their organization.

Mentors also ____ much needed psychosocial support.

Having a diverse network of mentors is ____ for dominant and minority group members alike.

Minority group members need diverse mentors so that they can gain insight ____ what it means to be employed by a particular organization or in a particular field or profession.

Majority workers benefit by having a network of diverse mentors because it increases their understanding and sensitivity to the unique realities of diverse workers and their own identity, and perhaps even their own ____ of privilege.

The ultimate goal of these mentoring opportunities is to ____ individuals be more informed, identified, and engaged in their work and in their organization.

Traditionally, when teachers teach writing, they assign topics for ____ to write on; perhaps they do a bit of brainstorming about the topic during a pre-writing phase, and then have students write about the topic without interruption.

Subsequently, ____ collect and evaluate what students have written.

Such instruction is very 'product-oriented;' ____ is no involvement of the teacher in the act or 'process' of writing.

In process writing, on the other hand, students may initially brainstorm ideas about a topic and begin writing, but ____ they have repeated conferences with the teacher and the other students, during which they receive feedback on their writing up to that point, make revisions, based on the feedback they receive, and carry on writing.

In this way, students learn to view their writing as someone else's reading and to improve both the expression of meaning and the ____ of their writing as they draft and redraft.

Process writing shifts the emphasis in ____ writing from evaluation to revision.

Perhaps at some point you have seen some mathematical writing and ____ understood it.

____ would not be the first; rest assured, even professional mathematicians sometimes have to rely on discussions with colleagues to properly understand problems they are looking at.

But how do you recognise some writing is ____ in the first place?

The complicated notations that might spring to mind ─ all those strange dashes, squiggles and letters ─ are obvious signs, but a lot of those are really quite ____.

Mathematics had been going on for a long time before the ____ and squiggles were invented.

Put ____, there has to be something mathematical going on for us to say that it is mathematics.

And if we are dealing with writing from a very distant ____, in a language that is not familiar to us, from a time even before recorded language, that can be sometimes difficult to recognise.

It is worth pointing out that leaves ____ drop to the ground because they are dying ─ rather, the tree initiates an active process of clever recycling called senescence.

A tree, like an oak for example, ____ struggle to survive through a harsh winter if it retained its canopy of leaves.

It would risk damage from strong winter winds and would lose more water from its leaves than it could ____ up from the frozen ground.

If it didn't blow over, it would ____ of thirst.

As winter approaches, the length of the day shortens, the temperature drops, and plants, including trees, ____ detect this change.

It signals to them that it is time to lose their ____.

First, however, trees carefully ____ all of the useful nutrients out of the leaves and then, with surgical precision, block up that pathway into the leaves.

That blocked pathway at the base of the leaf stem creates a weakness and, in the wind, the leaves ____ off and fall to the ground.

Historians ____ evidence in order to understand what happened and why it happened.

In ____ history this evidence may take the form of the buildings themselves or their remains, and documents such as plans, drawings, descriptions, diaries or bills.

Our picture of any period of history is derived from a multitude of sources, ____ as the paintings, literature, deeds, buildings and other artefacts that have survived.

The problem of survival lies at the root of many of the historian's problems, for what has survived may ____ necessarily be more significant than what has not survived.

The Egyptian pyramids have survived thousands of years, but historical ____ is not just a question of durability.

These buildings were ____ of a rich and diverse culture, much of which has been lost.

They are historical facts, but facts by themselves, even such massive facts as the pyramids, are just the first ____ in any historical study, and until they have been evaluated, placed in context and interpreted, they tell us little.

Different historians ____ place different values on the same facts, and the discovery of new evidence may modify or change existing theories and interpretations.

In most fiction, characters' lives are ____ to the individual work.

Readers may disagree on the characteristics and ____ of fictional figures, and in drama there is room for different interpretations of characters.

However, it is less common for ____ in literary fiction to reappear in subsequent works than in genre fiction, where series featuring the same central characters are common.

This is even ____ pronounced in comics, which are typically serialized in newspaper strips or comic books.

Thus characters introduced in the 1930s, like Superman and Batman, may still enjoy ____ adventures decades later.

During these characters' ____ histories, they change in various ways for a variety of reasons.

If a character is ____ by a single author, like Sherlock Holmes, the character's core traits may change little from story to story, but readers learn more about him with each successive story.

On the other ____, if characters are the work of several hands over decades, they may change considerably.

While characters in most literary fiction hardly ever feature in successive works, those in genre fiction and comics often do so, and may undergo transformation in their traits especially when ____ about by different authors over time.

While social presence has evolved through many iterations since its first development within the context of the landline telephone, the perception or feeling of being connected with the other person within the ____ of the conversation has persisted.

Some research has explored specific technologies and the extent to ____ their characteristics lead to a feeling of social presence.

For example, some researchers have studied the "richness" of the media, or the number of cues available to convey social ____.

A telephone call, which provides for ____ cues and immediate feedback, is potentially richer than an email, which provides only textual cues and no immediate feedback.

Videoconferencing would be considered richer than the phone because of the ____ of visual cues, making it closer to replicating a perceived gold standard of face-to-face, in-person social presence.

Researchers have suggested that successful managers would choose rich ____ for confusing or ambiguous messages and lean or less rich media for messages that were more routine in nature.

For example, if you wanted to discuss a complicated client agreement, it ____ be best to choose a face-to-face meeting.

In contrast, if you were going to inform your team about a ____ in meeting time from 3:00 to 3:30, you might send out a generic email to everyone.

These different channels of communication were ____ by researchers as a type of container that the message comes in.

To be a good communicator, ____ need to choose the right container.